The History of Telangana: From Stardust to Statehood
Telangana, India's 29th state, was formed on June 2, 2014, but its story is as ancient as the land itself. Located on the central Deccan Plateau, its narrative is not merely one of dynasties and politics, but a profound saga that begins with the very formation of the subcontinent.Known in ancient Puranic texts as part of Jambudvipa and Bharat Khande, this land derives its identity from Trilinga Desha—the land of three sacred Shiva lingas at Kaleshwaram, Srisailam, and Bhimeswaram. Nourished by the great Godavari and Krishna rivers and endowed with vast natural wealth—including 20% of India's coal deposits—Telangana has been a cradle of civilization for millennia.
Its history has unfolded from a succession of great capitals, from the ancient seats of Bodhan (Potali), Kotilingala, and Vemulawada, to the medieval power of Warangal (Orugallu), and its present-day capital, Hyderabad.
Super Eon : Birth of Earth
Eon: Phanerozoic (Visible Life) : 541 Million BCE
Era : Cenozoic/Navajeevee Mahakaal (Age of Mammals) : 66 Million BCE
Era : Cenozoic/Navajeevee Mahakaal (Age of Mammals) : 66 Million BCE
Period (Yugam): Quaternary (Age of Humans) : 2.6 Million BCE
Epoch: Holocene (End of Last Ice Age) : 9,700 BCE
Epoch: Holocene (End of Last Ice Age) : 9,700 BCE
We are currently in Quaternary Ice Age. but, entered warmer climate in 9,700 BCE.
Age : Information Age : 1947 CE
Age : Information Age : 1947 CE
Invention of Transistor by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain at Bell Labs
Part I: Super-EON - Cosmic Dust & Primordial Earth (Before 541 Million Years Ago)
SUPER-EON traces the fiery birth of Earth, from cosmic dust and molten rock to the formation of oceans and the first microbial life, laying the foundation for the continents, landscapes, and ecosystems that would one day host Telangana and its earliest inhabitants.
🌌 1. Cosmic Origins (~13.8 Billion Years – 4.5 Billion Years Ago)
The universe may have originated in the Big Bang (~13.8 billion years ago) — a widely accepted model, though alternative theories exist.Around 4.5 billion years ago, Earth formed from the solar nebula, a swirling disk of gas and cosmic dust left over after the Sun’s formation.
Molten Earth: Initially hot and unstable. Heavy elements like iron and nickel sank to form the core, while lighter silicates formed the mantle and crust.
Volcanic Outgassing & Atmosphere: Volcanic activity released gases (water vapor, CO₂, nitrogen), forming an early atmosphere.
Formation of Oceans: Water-rich comets and asteroids bombarded Earth; as it cooled, water condensed into oceans over millions of years.
🌑 2. Precambrian Super-Eon (4.5 – 0.541 Billion Years Ago)
First Life: Microbial life (cyanobacteria) appeared ~3.5–3.8 billion years ago.India: Fossil evidence from Bhimbetka (MP), Vindhyan ranges (Central India), Chitradurga (Karnataka).
Telangana: Dharwar Craton preserves ancient rocks, but no microbial fossils yet.
Earth’s Landmasses:
Early cratons (stable cores) merged into proto-continents.
Telangana: Part of the Dharwar Craton, forming the foundation of the Deccan Plateau.
🌍 3. Phanerozoic Eon (541 Million Years Ago – Present)
The “Eon of Visible Life” — first complex life to humans.Part II : EON - Visible Life - Phanerozoic Eon (541 Million Years Ago - Present)
The EON of Visible Life chronicles the transformation of Earth from barren landscapes to oceans teeming with life, and eventually to the first forests, mountains, and river valleys. During this Phanerozoic Eon, continents drifted across the globe, India separated from Gondwana, and Telangana’s landscapes began taking recognizable shape. Fossils of dinosaurs, ancient trees, and other early life forms, discovered in districts like Adilabad, Mulugu, and Khammam, provide glimpses into the rich prehistoric heritage of the region, setting the stage for mammals, humans, and civilizations to come."🐚 1. Paleozoic Era (541–245 Mya) - Age of Marine life
Global: Marine life flourished; first land plants, insects, amphibians emerged.India: Part of Gondwana; fossils of trilobites and brachiopods in central and northern India.
Telangana: Stable plateau; erosion and sedimentation shaped early basins.
🦖 2. Mesozoic Era (245–66 Mya) - Age of Reptiles
Triassic Age (245–208 Mya)
Pangea intact; Telangana a low-lying basin with rivers and lakes
Jurassic Age (208–146 Mya)
Pangea began rifting.Gondwana: India, Africa, South America, Antarctica, Australia.
Telangana fossils:
Kotasaurus yamanpalliensis (Adilabad)
Petrified trees (Mulugu & Khammam)
Cretaceous Age (146–66 Mya)
Gondwana further broke up; India separated from Africa (~135 Mya) and Madagascar (~90 Mya).India drifted north rapidly (~15–20 cm/year) toward Asia.
Telangana: Deccan Traps volcanism, fertile black soils; dinosaur extinction.
🐘 3. Cenozoic Era (66 Mya – Present) - Age of Mammals
Age of Mammals and Humans
Part III : ERA - Cenozoic - Age of Mammals and Mountains (66 Mya - present)
The Cenozoic Era, or Navajeevee Mahakaal, marks the age of mammals and the dramatic reshaping of Earth’s surface. Following the extinction of the dinosaurs, mammals diversified and flourished, while the Indian Plate collided with Asia, giving rise to the Himalayas and altering climate patterns. In Telangana, this era saw the uplift of the Western Ghats, formation of the Godavari and Krishna grabens, and carving of deep river valleys. These geological processes sculpted the plateaus, fertile soils, and river systems that would later sustain human settlements and early civilizations.
Telangana:
Uplift of Western Ghats
Formation of Godavari & Krishna grabens, deepening valleys
Landscape of plateaus and fertile soils
1. Paleogene & Neogene (66–2.6 Mya)
India: Collision with Asia (~55–50 Mya) formed Himalayas and altered monsoons.Telangana:
Uplift of Western Ghats
Formation of Godavari & Krishna grabens, deepening valleys
Landscape of plateaus and fertile soils
2. Quaternary Period (2.6 Mya – Present) - Human Age
Part IV : AGE - Quaternary - The Human Story
The Quaternary Period marks the Age of Humans, tracing the journey from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled agricultural communities, and eventually to the first use of metals. In Telangana, this era witnessed Paleolithic hand axes along the Godavari, Krishna, and Manjeera valleys, Mesolithic microliths and rock art at Pandavulagutta, Neolithic farming communities at Utnur, Thogarrai, Kadambapur, and Budigapalli, and early metal use during the Chalcolithic and Iron Ages at Nandipet, Tellapur, and Guttipeta. These developments laid the foundation for social organization, cultural expression, and the rich heritage that continues in the region today.
Stone tools: hand axes, cleavers, flakes.
Telangana sites: Godavari, Krishna, Manjeera valleys.
1. Stone Age (2.6 Mya – 3,000 BCE)
Paleolithic Age (2.6 Mya - 10,000 BCE)
Early nomadic hunter-gatherers.Stone tools: hand axes, cleavers, flakes.
Telangana sites: Godavari, Krishna, Manjeera valleys.
Mesolithic Age (10,000 - 3,000 BCE)
Advanced microlithic tools of quartz, chalcedony, jasper.Pandavulagutta rock art (Warangal): animals, hunters, even a giraffe.
Main subsistence: hunting, fishing, gathering.
Neolithic Age (3,000 – 2,000 BCE)
Agriculture and domestication of animals introduced.Settled communities with ground stone tools.
Telangana sites: Utnur, Thogarrai, Kadambapur, Budigapalli, Decerappula, Polakonda.
2. Chalcolithic / Copper Age (3,000 – 1,500 BCE)
Introduction of metals alongside stone tools.Early village settlements.
Telangana site: Rock art panels at Nandipet (Mahabubnagar).
3. Megalithic / Iron Age (1,500 - 700 BCE)
Iron technology becomes widespread.Large stone burials (dolmens, cairns, menhirs).
Telangana sites:
Mudumal (Narayanpet, UNESCO tentative)
Iron tools at Tellapur & Guttipeta (~2200 BCE), possibly India’s earliest.
🌐 Landmass Evolution Summary
EraSupercontinentIndia / Telangana PositionPrecambrian Proto-continents Telangana: Dharwar CratonPaleozoic Pangea India part of Gondwana; Telangana stable plateau
Mesozoic Pangea → Gondwana breaks up India drifts north; Telangana rift valleys form
Cenozoic Modern continents India collides with Asia; Telangana plateaus, grabens, rivers
✨ Epilogue: Linking Cosmos, India, and Telangana
From cosmic dust and molten rock, to first oceans, to supercontinents, dinosaurs, volcanic landscapes, and fertile soils, Telangana’s history is inseparable from India’s deep geological and prehistoric epic — laying the foundation for the dynasties, cultures, and human civilizations that follow.Part V : HISTORIC AGE - Dynasties and Civilizations of Telangana
The Historic Age of Telangana chronicles the rise and evolution of civilizations in the region, tracing a journey from ancient tribal settlements and Mahajanapadas to powerful dynasties, medieval kingdoms, and the early modern Asaf Jahi state. Over the centuries, Telangana’s strategic location in the Deccan Plateau made it a crossroads of trade, culture, and political power. The region’s rulers left behind a rich legacy of temples, forts, inscriptions, irrigation works, and urban centers that continue to shape its identity today.Asmaka Mahajanapada (One of the 16 Mahajanapadas) c.700 BCE - 300 BCE
The Asmaka Mahajanapada, one of the sixteen great realms of ancient India, represents the earliest phase of organized polity in the Telangana region. Flourishing between c. 700 BCE and 300 BCE, it was situated along the fertile Godavari River Valley, with its capital at Potana (modern Bodhan, Nizamabad). Though little is known about its founder—believed to be Asmaka—the kingdom reflects early cultural and religious pluralism, embracing Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism, and using Prakrit as the principal language. Asmaka’s significance lies in its role as a bridge between tribal settlements and the larger imperial structures that would later shape the Deccan.Founder: Unknown (traditionally believed to be Asmaka)
Capital: Potana / Potali / Paudanya (mentioned in the Mahabharata; identified with modern Bodhan, Nizamabad district, Telangana)
Language: Prakrit
Religion: Buddhism, Jainism, Hinduism
Region: Core territory along the Godavari River Valley
Mauryan Empire : ruled modern Telanagana from c. 300 BCE - 232 BCE
Following the decline of the Asmaka Mahajanapada, the vast Mauryan Empire (c. 322–185 BCE) incorporated Telangana into one of India’s earliest and most extensive political entities. Founded by Chandragupta Maurya, the empire extended from the fertile plains of the Ganges in the north to the Deccan Plateau in the south. During the rule of his son Bindusura (298–272 BCE), Telangana became fully integrated into the Mauryan administrative framework. This period marked the beginning of centralized governance, systematic taxation, and the spread of Buddhism and Jainism, laying the foundations for subsequent dynasties and regional polities in the Deccan.including Telangana.Period in Telangana: c. 300 BCE – 232 BCE
Founder: Chandragupta Maurya (320 BCE – 298 BCE)
Capital: Pataliputra (modern Patna, Bihar)
Languages: Prakrit
Religion: Buddhism, Jainism, Brahmanism
Region: Included modern Telangana as part of the vast Deccan Plateau
Satavahana Dynasty : c. 230 BCE - 208 CE
Founder: Simuka
Capitals: Kotilingala, Pratishthana, Amaravati
Language: Prakrit (Brahmi script), Sanskrit
Religion: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism
Geographical Extent: Deccan region, including modern Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and parts of central India
Significance: The Satavahanas controlled vital trade routes connecting India with the Roman world, patronized Buddhist stupas such as Amaravati, supported Brahmanical institutions, and fostered guild-based industries, leaving a lasting cultural and economic legacy.
Ikshvakus of Vijapuri : c. 208 BCE - 320 CE
Following the decline of the Satavahanas, the Ikshvakus (also called Andhra Ikṣvakus or Sriparvatiya Ikṣvakus) established a powerful kingdom in the eastern Deccan. Their capital at Vijayapuri (modern Nagarjunakonda) became a major center of administration, culture, and religion. The dynasty combined Vedic Brahmanism with strong Buddhist patronage, and promoted trade, urbanization, and artistic achievements.Founder: Vasiṣṭhiputra Śrī Śāntamūla (Śāntamūla I)
Capitals: Vijayapuri (modern Nagarjunakonda, submerged under Nagarjuna Sagar Dam), Palnadu
Language: Prakrit, Sanskrit, early Telugu
Religion: Brahmanism (royal), Buddhism (queens and princesses), Jainism (minority)
Geographical Extent: Eastern Krishna Valley, including modern Andhra Pradesh (Palnadu, Guntur, Krishna) and Telangana (Nalgonda, Mahbubnagar, Khammam)
Significance: The Ikshvakus fostered religious pluralism, promoted trade and agriculture, and built monasteries, stupas, and temples that made Vijayapuri a cultural and intellectual hub. Their contributions laid the foundations for later dynasties in the region.
Abhiras : c. 208 CE - c. 280 CE
The Abhiras, also called Abheeras, rose to power in the western Deccan following the decline of the Satavahanas. Originally military commanders under the Western Satraps (Sakas), they declared independence and established a kingdom that, though short-lived in its peak, played a key role in stabilizing and transitioning the Deccan region during the early centuries CE.Founder: Isvarasena
Language: Sanskrit
Religion: Hinduism (Saivism)
Geographical Extent: Telangana (c. 208–280 CE), Maharashtra and Konkan (until c. 375 CE)
Significance: The Abhiras maintained continuity of administration and culture in the Deccan during a period of political fragmentation, supporting Hindu religious institutions and ensuring the survival of Satavahana cultural and political traditions in the western Deccan
Mahisha Saka Chutu Dynasty : c.208 CE - 310 CE
The Mahisha Saka Chutus emerged in the aftermath of the Satavahana decline, establishing a Saka (Indo-Scythian) kingdom in parts of modern Telangana, Karnataka, and Maharashtra. Ruling for over a century, they maintained a unique syncretic culture, supporting both Buddhism and Hindu traditions, while consolidating political authority across northern and southern Deccan territories.
Founder: Rano Chutukulananda
Capitals: Kondapur (administrative center in northern Telangana), Banavasi (Vaijayantipura, primary capital in southern Karnataka)
Language: Prakrit (Brahmi script)
Religion: Predominantly Buddhism, with evidence of Hindu worship (e.g., Shiva/Naga cults)
Emblem: Cobra hood (Chutu “cobra crest”)
Geographical Extent: Northern Domain (Mahisha-mandala, Telangana & southern Maharashtra), Southern Domain (Kuntala, Banavasi in Karnataka)
Coinage: Lead and copper coins with lion, arched hill, railed tree, and Nandipada; king's name inscribed in Prakrit
Significance: The Chutus preserved administrative and cultural continuity in the post-Satavahana Deccan, blending Buddhist patronage with Hindu religious practices and establishing enduring centers of political and religious influence.
Pallava Dynasty ruled modern Telangana from c. 310 CE - 340 CE
Founder: Virakurcha
Capital: Kanchipuram
Language: Sanskrit, Prakrit, Tamil
Religion: Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism
Geographical Extent: South India with temporary control over parts of Telangana
Significance: The Pallavas are renowned for pioneering Dravidian temple architecture, promoting Tamil culture, and establishing trade and diplomatic links across Southeast Asia.
The Vatsagulma branch of the Vakataka Dynasty c. 340 CE – 483 CE
Founder of Dynasty: Vindhyashakti (c. 250–270 CE)
Vastagulma Branch Founder: Sarvasena (c. 335 CE)
Capital: Vatsagulma (modern Washim, Maharashtra)
Languages: Sanskrit (court and inscriptions), Prakrit (administrative and land grants)
Religion: Hinduism (primary court religion), Buddhism (Ajanta patronage), Jainism (minor patronage)
Geographical Extent: Vidarbha (eastern Maharashtra), southern Berar, and northern Telangana administered through feudatories
Significance: Known for decentralized feudal governance, influential land grants, and cultural patronage. Important rulers include Vindhyasena (major expander), Devasena (chronological anchor), and Harisena (empire at zenith, Ajanta’s prime patron).
Predecessors: Satavahanas, Abhiras
Successors: Vishnukundins (Telangana and Vidarbha), Chalukyas of Badami, independent feudatories (Asmakas, Rishikas)
Legacy: Ajanta Caves (UNESCO), Prakrit literature like Harivijaya, transition of Deccan art from Satavahana to early Chalukya style
Decline: Feudatory revolts (c. 471–474 CE), death of Harisena (477/478 CE), defeat by Kadambas (c. 483 CE)
Vishnukundins c. 380 CE – 611 CE
Founder: Indra Varma
Capitals: Amrabad (Mahbubnagar, Telangana), Indrapala (Nalgonda/Mahbubnagar, Telangana), Bhuvanagiri (Nalgonda), Keesaragutta (Ranga Reddy), Eluru (West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh), Amaravati (Guntur, Andhra Pradesh)
Languages: Sanskrit (official/literary), Telugu (administrative and emerging literary language)
Religion: Hinduism (Vaishnavism predominated), Buddhism (significant patronage)
Geographical Extent: Telangana Plateau and Coastal Andhra (Krishna-Godavari delta); districts included Mahbubnagar, Nalgonda, Ranga Reddy, Medak, Warangal, Karimnagar, Khammam; Coastal Andhra: Eluru, Amaravati, parts of Guntur and Prakasam; expanded into Kalinga and Vengi under Madhav Varma II
Notable Rulers: Madhav Varma II (Golden Age, empire builder), Madhav Varma IV (last great ruler)
Predecessors: Ikshvakus (Coastal Andhra), Vakatakas (Deccan feudatories)
Successors: Badami Chalukyas (after 611 CE)
Chronology of Key Events:
c. 380 CE: Indra Varma establishes the dynasty from Amrabad
c. 456 CE: Govinda Varma I declares independence from the Vakatakas
c. 456–504 CE: Golden Age under Madhav Varma II; territorial expansion, defeat of Vakatakas, consolidation of Telangana and Coastal Andhra
c. 528 CE: Vikramendra Varma I unites Vakataka and Vishnukundin territories
c. 555 CE: Indra Bhattaraka Varma defeated by Maukhari ruler Ishana Varma
611 CE: Madhav Varma IV defeated by Pulakeshin II at the Battle of Kopparam; territories annexed by Badami Chalukyas
Legacy: First political unification of Telangana and Coastal Andhra, promotion of Sanskrit and Telugu literature, patronage of Hinduism and Buddhism, consolidation of eastern Deccan political power.
Badami Chalukyas ruled modern Telanagana from 611 CE -753 CE
The Badami Chalukyas emerged as a dominant power in the western Deccan after Pulakeshin I declared independence from the Kadambas. They incorporated Telangana into their empire by defeating the Vishnukundins in 611 CE and developed it as a strategic eastern frontier. Their rule consolidated political authority, promoted Sanskrit and Kannada literature, and laid the foundation for future Deccan kingdoms.Founder: Pulakeshin I
Capitals: Badami (Vatapi)
Core Region: Modern Karnataka
Geographical Extent: At its peak under Pulakeshin II, the empire stretched from the Kaveri River in the south to the Narmada River in the north, including most of modern Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Coastal Andhra Pradesh
Languages: Sanskrit, Kannada
Religion: Hinduism (Shaivism and Vaishnavism), Jainism
Predecessors: Kadamba Dynasty, Banas, Vishnukundins (Telangana and Andhra)
Successors: Rashtrakuta Dynasty
Notable Rulers: Pulakeshin II (empire at zenith), Vikramaditya I (restorer), Vikramaditya II (conqueror of Kanchipuram)
Chronology of Key Events:
c. 543 CE: Pulakeshin I establishes the dynasty, declares independence from the Kadambas, and founds the capital at Badami
611 CE: Pulakeshin II defeats the Vishnukundins, bringing Telangana and Coastal Andhra under Chalukya control
c. 618–634 CE: Pulakeshin II defeats Harshavardhana and expands the empire to its zenith
642 CE: Pallava king Narasimhavarman I captures and plunders Badami, likely killing Pulakeshin II
655 CE: Vikramaditya I reclaims Badami, restoring the dynasty
733–744 CE: Vikramaditya II invades and captures the Pallava capital Kanchipuram thrice
753 CE: Last king Kirtivarman II defeated by Rashtrakuta chief Dantidurga, ending the dynasty
Legacy: Political consolidation of the Deccan, integration of Telangana into a major empire, flourishing of Sanskrit and Kannada literature, and architectural achievements including early Chalukyan temple styles.
Rashtrakuta Dynasty 753 CE – 973 CE
Founder: Dantidurga (r. c. 735–756 CE)
Capitals:
Primary: Manyakheta (modern Malkhed, Karnataka)
Other Centers: Ellora (rock-cut capital), Latur (early capital)
Core Territory: Modern Karnataka, southern Maharashtra, northern Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana
Empire at its Peak: Under Govinda III and Krishna III, stretched from the Ganga-Yamuna doab in the north to Kanyakumari in the south, and from the Arabian Sea in the west to the Bay of Bengal in the east
Languages: Kannada (administration and literature), Sanskrit (scholarly works, inscriptions, court literature)
Religion: Hinduism (primarily Shaivism), Jainism (significant patronage under Amoghavarsha I)
Predecessors: Badami Chalukyas
Successors: Western Chalukyas (Kalyani Chalukyas)
Chronology of Key Events:
c. 753 CE: Dantidurga defeats the last Badami Chalukya king Kirtivarman II, establishing Rashtrakuta rule
c. 800–814 CE: Govinda III expands the empire to northern India, including parts of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra
c. 814–878 CE: Amoghavarsha I ascends the throne; consolidates rule, promotes Jainism, and supports literature (e.g., Kavirajamarga)
c. 944–968 CE: Krishna III conquers Vengi and expands eastern territories, securing influence over parts of Telangana and Andhra
c. 973 CE: Decline begins with the resurgence of the Western Chalukyas and internal revolts
Legacy: Integration of Telangana into a major Deccan empire, patronage of Kannada and Sanskrit literature, and monumental architecture including Ellora’s Kailasa temple. Their rule set the stage for subsequent Chalukya and Kakatiya dominance in the region.
Vemulawada Chalukyas 753 CE – 973 CE
Founder: Vinayaditya Yudhamalla I
Capitals:
Primary Capital: Vemulawada (Karimnagar district, Telangana), home to the famous Sri Raja Rajeshwara Shaiva Temple
Secondary Capitals: Bodhan (Nizamabad district, Telangana), Gangadhara (modern Gangapuram or a site near Vemulawada)
Core Territory: Telangana (Podananadu – Bodhan/Nizamabad; Sabbinadu – Karimnagar)
Zone of Influence: Extended into parts of northern Andhra Pradesh at their peak under Arikesari II (c. 930–955 CE), challenging both the Vengi Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas
Languages: Sanskrit (court and inscriptions), Telugu (emerging administrative use)
Religion: Shaivism (primary), Jainism (significant patronage)
Predecessors: Rashtrakutas (overlords), Badami Chalukyas
Successors: Later Kalyani Chalukyas, Kakatiyas
Notable Rulers:
Arikesari I: Consolidated power over Sabbinadu and Podananadu
Arikesari II (c. 930–955 CE): Zenith of the dynasty; strengthened regional influence and temple building
Legacy: The dynasty integrated Telangana into the Deccan’s political framework, promoted Shaiva and Jain religious traditions, and left behind significant literary and architectural contributions, including the Sri Raja Rajeshwara Temple at Vemulawada. Their reign marked a crucial transitional phase before the rise of the Western Chalukyas and the Kakatiyas.
Kalyani Chalukyas 973 CE - 1151 CE
The Western Chalukyas, also called the Chalukyas of Kalyani, re-established Chalukya power in the Deccan after overthrowing the Rashtrakutas in 973 CE. Their rule over Telangana marked a revival of the Badami Chalukya legacy, blending political consolidation with cultural and literary flourishing. Despite ongoing conflicts with the Cholas and other regional powers, this era is celebrated for its advancements in Kannada and Sanskrit literature, temple architecture, law, and administration. The Kalyani Chalukyas laid the foundation for future regional powers, including the Kakatiyas.Founder: Tailapa II (r. 973 – 997 CE)
Predecessors: Rashtrakutas (8th–10th century CE), Badami Chalukyas (6th–8th century CE)
Capitals:
Manyakheta (Malkhed, Karnataka): Initial capital, inherited from the Rashtrakutas
Kalyani (Basavakalyan, Bidar, Karnataka): Established as the new capital by Somesvara I (c. 1050 CE)
Core Territory (Karnata-desa / Kuntala-desa):
Modern Karnataka (majority)
Telangana and Andhra Pradesh (significant eastern regions, including Warangal area)
Western Tamil Nadu (up to the Tungabhadra-Krishna doab)
Southern Maharashtra
Parts of Goa
Languages: Kannada (administrative & literary), Sanskrit (court, inscriptions), Telugu (administrative & local usage)
Religion: Hinduism, Jainism
Coinage: High-quality gold, silver, and copper coins
Notable Rulers:
Tailapa II: Founder and restorer of Chalukya power
Somesvara I (Ahavamalla): Shifted the capital to Kalyani
Vikramaditya VI: Zenith of the dynasty; expanded territorial reach and patronized literature and architecture
Successors / Fragmentation:
Kalachuris of Kalyani: Brief usurpation under Bijjala II (c. 1162–1164 CE)
Seuna (Yadava) Dynasty of Devagiri: Annexed northern territories (Maharashtra)
Hoysala Empire: Annexed southern territories (Karnataka)
Kakatiya Dynasty: Declared independence in eastern Deccan (Telangana and coastal Andhra)
Legacy: The Western Chalukyas consolidated Telangana as a key region in the Deccan, strengthening administration, trade, and military structures. Their patronage of temples, inscriptions, and literature had lasting cultural impact, which influenced the later rise of the Kakatiyas and regional Telugu polity.
Kakatiya dynasty (895 CE / 1151 CE - 1323 CE)
The Kakatiyas were a prominent dynasty that ruled the eastern Deccan, encompassing present-day Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and parts of eastern Karnataka and southern Odisha. Descendants of the Karikala Chola King of the Durjaya clan, and tracing lineage to the Solar dynasty (Suryavamsa) of the Ikshvaku Kshatriyas, they rose from vassal status under the Rashtrakutas and Western Chalukyas to establish a sovereign kingdom. The Kakatiya period is celebrated as the brightest era of Telugu history, noted for military valor, architectural innovation, and extensive irrigation works. The dynasty famously possessed the Koh-i-Noor diamond before its seizure by the Delhi Sultanate.
Founder: Venna
Predecessors: Rashtrakutas (as vassals, c. 800–973 CE), Western Chalukyas of Kalyani (as vassals, c. 1000–1151 CE)
Capitals:
Anmakonda (Hanumakonda): Initial capital
Orugallu / Ekasilanagara (Warangal): Later capital and political-religious center
Languages: Telugu (preferred), Sanskrit, Kannada
Religion: Hinduism (Shaivism), Jainism
Royal Emblem: Garuda, Varaha
Geographical Extent (at zenith under Ganapatideva):
Core Region: Entire present-day Telangana and coastal Andhra Pradesh
Northern Boundaries: Parts of southern Odisha
Southern Expansion: Up to Kanchipuram in Tamil Nadu (conquests from Cholas and Pandyas)
Western Frontiers: Parts of eastern Karnataka (Raichur Doab, contested with Seuna/Yadava Dynasty)
Chronology of Key Events:
c. 800–973 CE: Vassals under Rashtrakutas
973–995 CE: Brief period of independent rule after Rashtrakuta decline
c. 1000–1151 CE: Vassals of Western Chalukyas of Kalyani
1149 CE: Prola II defeats Tailapa-III (Kumara Tailapa)
1151 CE: Prola II formally declares independence from Western Chalukyas
1158 CE: Rudradeva issues the Daksharamam inscription, earliest record of sovereign Kakatiya rule
1163 CE: Anumakonda inscription of Rudradeva details victories
1195 CE: Death of Rudradeva fighting Yadava king Jaitrapala I
1199 CE: Ganapatideva ascends the throne, beginning the dynasty’s zenith
1213 CE: Construction of the Ramappa Temple completed by General Recharla Rudra
1261 CE: Rudramadevi succeeds Ganapatideva, one of medieval India’s few female rulers
1289 CE: Rudramadevi dies in battle against Kayastha chief Ambadeva
1303–1319 CE: Repeated Delhi Sultanate invasions under Malik Kafur and Mubarak Khilji resisted by Prataparudra
1323 CE: Final defeat by Ulugh Khan (Muhammad bin Tughluq), ending the Kakatiya dynasty
Legacy: The Kakatiyas unified Telangana and much of the eastern Deccan, established sophisticated irrigation networks (like tanks and canals), and pioneered distinctive architectural styles exemplified in Warangal Fort and Ramappa Temple. Their administrative innovations and cultural patronage laid the foundation for future Telugu kingdoms, including the Musunuri Nayakas and Vijayanagara Empire.
Tughlaq Dynasty (1320–1414 CE; Telangana presence 1323–1336 CE)
The Tughlaq Dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate briefly ruled Telangana following the conquest of Warangal in 1323 CE. Though their direct control lasted only about a decade, this period was highly consequential, marking the end of the Kakatiya dynasty and introducing imperial Delhi administration, taxation, and cultural influence to the region.
Founder of Dynasty (Delhi Sultanate): Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq (r. 1320–1325 CE)
Telangana Conquest: Ulugh Khan (later Muhammad bin Tughluq) in 1323 CE
Capital in Telangana: Warangal, renamed Sultanpur under Tughlaq rule
Administration:
Telangana functioned as a provincial frontier of the Delhi Sultanate.
Malik Maqbul (formerly Gona Gannaya III, a Kakatiya commander) was appointed governor.
Imposition of new administrative structures, revenue demands, and imperial oversight.
Resistance and Rebellion:
Harsh taxation and central control led to widespread discontent.
Telugu warrior clans—including the Musunuri Nayakas and Recherla Nayaks—spearheaded uprisings.
By 1336 CE, these local forces expelled the Tughlaqs, restoring indigenous rule under the Musunuri Nayakas.
Legacy:
The Tughlaq period marked a turning point, ending the Kakatiya dynasty and reshaping political structures.
Introduced Delhi Sultanate administrative practices and cultural influence in Telangana, which influenced subsequent Muslim rule in the Deccan.
Founder: Prolaya Nayaka
Family: Father – Pochi / Pochaya Nayaka; Brothers – Raja Nayaka, Kamma Nayaka, Deva Nayaka
Capitals:
Musunuru (Krishna district, Andhra) – under Kakatiya suzerainty
Telangana Base: Rekhapalli Fort (near Bhadrachalam, on the Godavari River) – strategic defense outpost
Later Capital: Warangal (after 1325 CE under Kapaya Nayaka)
Territory:
Origin: Musunuru (modern Nuzvid, Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh)
Extended influence: Rekhapalli (Bhadrachalam forests) and Telangana forts, including Warangal
Achievements:
Successfully expelled the Tughlaq forces from Warangal in 1336 CE
Reestablished native Telugu power after the fall of the Kakatiya Empire
Coordinated a confederation of Kakatiya Nayakas to defend Telangana and Andhra
Maintained administrative and military control over strategic forts and trade routes
Decline:
By 1368 CE, the Recherla Nayaks of Rachakonda defeated and killed Kapaya Nayaka, marking the end of the Musunuri Nayakas’ dominance in Telangana
Legacy:
Remembered as the first major indigenous resistance to northern invasions in post-Kakatiya Telangana
Played a pivotal role in preserving Telugu culture, administration, and military traditions during a period of political upheaval
Founder of Dynasty (Delhi Sultanate): Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq (r. 1320–1325 CE)
Telangana Conquest: Ulugh Khan (later Muhammad bin Tughluq) in 1323 CE
Capital in Telangana: Warangal, renamed Sultanpur under Tughlaq rule
Administration:
Telangana functioned as a provincial frontier of the Delhi Sultanate.
Malik Maqbul (formerly Gona Gannaya III, a Kakatiya commander) was appointed governor.
Imposition of new administrative structures, revenue demands, and imperial oversight.
Resistance and Rebellion:
Harsh taxation and central control led to widespread discontent.
Telugu warrior clans—including the Musunuri Nayakas and Recherla Nayaks—spearheaded uprisings.
By 1336 CE, these local forces expelled the Tughlaqs, restoring indigenous rule under the Musunuri Nayakas.
Legacy:
The Tughlaq period marked a turning point, ending the Kakatiya dynasty and reshaping political structures.
Introduced Delhi Sultanate administrative practices and cultural influence in Telangana, which influenced subsequent Muslim rule in the Deccan.
Sirpur-Chanda Gond Dynasty (c. 1310 - 1751 AD)
The Sirpur-Chanda Gond Dynasty was a remarkable tribal kingdom that flourished for over four centuries across central India, including parts of modern Telangana and Maharashtra. Founded by Kol Bhill (Kol Bheel/Kolkhil), the dynasty united scattered Gond tribes into a structured polity, developing fortified towns, thriving agriculture, and vibrant cultural traditions. The Gonds, one of India’s largest tribal communities, referred to themselves as Koitur or Koya (“people of the green mountains”) and spoke Gondi (Koyator) in regional variants.
Founder: Kol Bhill (Kol Bheel/Kolkhil)
Capitals:
Sirpur (modern Komaram Bheem Asifabad, Telangana)
Ballarsha
Chanda (modern Chandrapur, Maharashtra)
Language: Gondi (Koyator), including Southern Gondi, Adilabad Gondi, Northern Gondi, Aheri Gondi
Religion: Brahmanical Hinduism, worship of clan deities (Persa Pen), and ancestor spirits
Royal Emblem: Lion and Elephant
Family Names: Singh, Shah
Geographical Extent:
Core Region: Northern Telangana (Komaram Bheem Asifabad and neighboring areas)
Extended influence: Parts of Maharashtra, including Chandrapur
Administration and Achievements:
Established well-organized state mechanisms, including revenue collection and irrigation systems.
Built forts, temples, and towns as administrative and religious centers.
Skillfully navigated relations with neighboring powers: Kakatiyas, Musunuri Nayaks, Recherla Nayaks, Bahmani Sultans, Golconda rulers, Mughals, and Marathas.
Legacy:
Preserved Gond autonomy over four centuries amid powerful neighbors.
Introduced urban planning, infrastructure, and cultural institutions that shaped the region’s history.
Remains a symbol of tribal governance, resilience, and regional identity in Telangana and central India.
Musunuri Nayaks (1325 CE - 1368 CE)
The Musunuri Nayakas were Telugu warrior-chiefs of the Durjaya clan, who emerged as the first native resistance against the Delhi Sultanate after the fall of the Kakatiya Empire in 1323 CE. From their stronghold in the Bhadrachalam forests, they rallied surviving Kakatiya vassals, reclaimed Warangal in 1336 CE under Kapaya Nayaka, and reasserted indigenous rule. They defended Hindu traditions, secured Telangana and Andhra regions, and resisted northern and later Bahmani incursions until their decline in 1368 CE.Founder: Prolaya Nayaka
Family: Father – Pochi / Pochaya Nayaka; Brothers – Raja Nayaka, Kamma Nayaka, Deva Nayaka
Capitals:
Musunuru (Krishna district, Andhra) – under Kakatiya suzerainty
Telangana Base: Rekhapalli Fort (near Bhadrachalam, on the Godavari River) – strategic defense outpost
Later Capital: Warangal (after 1325 CE under Kapaya Nayaka)
Territory:
Origin: Musunuru (modern Nuzvid, Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh)
Extended influence: Rekhapalli (Bhadrachalam forests) and Telangana forts, including Warangal
Achievements:
Successfully expelled the Tughlaq forces from Warangal in 1336 CE
Reestablished native Telugu power after the fall of the Kakatiya Empire
Coordinated a confederation of Kakatiya Nayakas to defend Telangana and Andhra
Maintained administrative and military control over strategic forts and trade routes
Decline:
By 1368 CE, the Recherla Nayaks of Rachakonda defeated and killed Kapaya Nayaka, marking the end of the Musunuri Nayakas’ dominance in Telangana
Legacy:
Remembered as the first major indigenous resistance to northern invasions in post-Kakatiya Telangana
Played a pivotal role in preserving Telugu culture, administration, and military traditions during a period of political upheaval
Recherla Nayaks (1360 CE - 1475 CE)
The Recherlas were a prominent Telugu warrior lineage of Telangana who rose to prominence following the decline of the Kakatiya Empire. Originally serving as generals (senāpatis) and feudatories under the Kakatiyas (c. 996 CE – 1323 CE), they controlled strategic forts and territories, including Kupriyal, Palampet, and Anumagallu. After the fall of the Kakatiyas, they initially allied with the Musunuri Nayakas against the Delhi Sultanate before establishing independent rule in northern and southern Telangana. Their reign represents a critical transitional phase linking Kakatiya polity with later Bahmani, Vijayanagara, and Gajapati influence in the region.Founder: Dāma Nayaka I
Lineage: Originally Recherla “Reddies,” later recognized as Nayakas
Capitals / Key Forts:
Rachakonda (Northern Telangana) – primary seat of power
Devarakonda (Southern Telangana) – branch kingdom
Strategic centers: Kupriyal, Palampet, Anumagallu
Territory:
Northern Telangana: Rachakonda region
Southern Telangana: Devarakonda region
Forts and trade routes across central Telangana
Rise to Power:
Initially feudatories and generals under the Kakatiyas (c. 996–1323 CE)
Allied with Musunuri Nayakas against the Delhi Sultanate (1323–1360 CE)
Declared independence around 1360 CE under Dāma Nayaka I, consolidating control over northern and southern Telangana
Achievements:
Established the sovereign kingdoms of Rachakonda and Devarakonda
Maintained political stability in Telangana during a period of fragmentation
Defended Telangana against regional rivals and emerging Bahmani influence
Decline:
By c. 1475 CE, the Recherlas were gradually absorbed or subordinated to the Bahmani Sultanate, Vijayanagara Empire, and Gajapati kingdom
Their political autonomy ended, though their military and administrative legacy influenced subsequent regional powers
Legacy:
Key link between the Kakatiya Empire and later Deccan polities
Preserved Telugu martial traditions and administration in post-Kakatiya Telangana
Forts and inscriptions provide important historical evidence of late medieval Telangana governance
Bahmani Sultanate (1350 CE - 1518 CE)
The Bahmani Sultanate was the first independent Muslim kingdom to establish sustained power in the Deccan plateau, ruling Telangana from 1350 CE to 1518 CE. Founded by Zafar Khan (Hasan Gangu / Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah), it introduced Persianate court culture, fostered Indo-Islamic administration, and became a principal rival of the Vijayanagara Empire for over 150 years. The Sultanate’s political and cultural framework laid the foundation for the later five Deccan Sultanates — Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, Berar, Golconda (Qutb Shahi), and Bidar/Barid.Founder: Zafar Khan / Hasan Gangu / Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah
Capitals:
Gulbarga (Ahsanabad): 1347–c. 1425 CE
Bidar (Muhammadabad): c. 1425 CE onward (major shift under Ahmad Shah I)
Religion: Sunni Islam (state religion), with significant Sufi influence and a large Hindu population
Languages: Persian (court and administration), Dakhini/Deccani Urdu, Telugu, Kannada, Marathi; Arabic (religious scholarship)
Currency: Gold, silver, copper coins
Territorial Extent in Telangana:
Controlled northern and central Telangana, including strategic forts and towns
Administered regions through a network of local governors, incorporating former Kakatiya and Musunuri territories
Achievements:
Institutionalized Indo-Islamic governance in the Deccan
Promoted Persianate culture, literature, and architecture in Telangana
Introduced administrative innovations, land revenue reforms, and military organization
Maintained long-term rivalry with the Vijayanagara Empire, influencing Deccan geopolitics
Decline and Legacy:
By early 16th century, political fragmentation produced the five Deccan Sultanates, including Golconda (Qutb Shahi) in Telangana
Established enduring Indo-Islamic administrative and cultural traditions that shaped subsequent Deccan politics
Patronage of Deccani literature and architecture influenced Telangana’s syncretic culture
Qutb Shahi Dynasty (1518 CE - 1687 CE)
The Qutb Shahi dynasty was a prominent Shia Islamic kingdom that ruled the Golconda region in the Deccan plateau, including most of present-day Telangana, from 1518 CE to 1687 CE. Emerging from the decline of the Bahmani Sultanate, the dynasty was founded by Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk, a Turkoman noble of Persian origin. Over nearly 170 years, the Qutb Shahis fostered a unique Deccani culture, blending Persian, Turkic, and indigenous Telugu traditions, and leaving a lasting legacy in architecture, literature, and administration.Founder: Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk
Capitals:
Golconda Fort (near Hyderabad, Telangana) – primary seat of power
Hyderabad (founded 1591 CE by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah) – new capital and cultural center
Religion: Shia Islam (state), with a significant Hindu population and tolerance for local religious traditions
Languages: Persian, Telugu, Deccani Urdu, Marathi, Kannada
Currency: Gold, silver, and copper coins; wealth largely derived from diamond mines
Territorial Extent:
Core region: Golconda Plateau, encompassing present-day Hyderabad, Rangareddy, Medak, Mahbubnagar, Nalgonda, and Warangal districts
Extended influence over parts of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and the northern Deccan
Achievements:
Architectural Legacy: Golconda Fort, Charminar, Qutb Shahi tombs, and grand mosques
Urban Development: Founded Hyderabad as a planned capital, fostering trade and commerce
Cultural Synthesis: Patronized Telugu literature, Persian art, and Deccani Urdu, creating a cosmopolitan court culture
Economic Prosperity: Controlled diamond mines at Golconda, boosting wealth and trade
Military and Administration: Maintained strong fortifications and an efficient provincial administration
Notable Rulers:
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580–1611 CE): Founder of Hyderabad, promoter of arts and literature
Abul Hasan Tana Shah (1672–1687 CE): Last ruler, noted for inclusive policies and tolerance
Decline and Legacy:
In 1687 CE, the dynasty fell to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, ending independent Qutb Shahi rule
Left an enduring cultural, linguistic, and architectural imprint on Telangana
The Deccani fusion of Persian, Telugu, and Turkic traditions continues to influence Telangana’s identity
Mughal Empire in Telangana (1687 CE - 1724 CE)
The Mughal Empire's (1526–1857) direct rule over Telangana (1687 - 1724) was a relatively short but pivotal period that bridged the fall of the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda and the rise of the independent Asaf Jahi dynasty (the Nizams of Hyderabad). Following the brutal siege and conquest of the Golconda Fort in 1687 by Emperor Aurangzeb, the region was incorporated into the Mughal Deccan as the Suba (province) of Hyderabad. This era was marked by political instability, frequent Maratha incursions, local rebellions, and administrative challenges, which ultimately paved the way for the establishment of a de facto independent state under Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I.End of an Era: It marked the definitive end of the prosperous and culturally distinct Qutb Shahi Sultanate.
Political Transition: This period served as a direct prelude to the founding of the princely state of Hyderabad, which would become a major power in South India for over two centuries.
Administrative Continuity and Change: The Mughals largely retained the existing administrative structure of the Qutb Shahis (like the Faujdari system and the use of local Deshmukhs), but integrated it into the broader Mughal Mansabdari system.
Rise of Local Resistance: The period saw significant rebellions highlighting the difficulty the Mughals faced in establishing firm control over the Telangana countryside.
Political Transition: This period served as a direct prelude to the founding of the princely state of Hyderabad, which would become a major power in South India for over two centuries.
Administrative Continuity and Change: The Mughals largely retained the existing administrative structure of the Qutb Shahis (like the Faujdari system and the use of local Deshmukhs), but integrated it into the broader Mughal Mansabdari system.
Rise of Local Resistance: The period saw significant rebellions highlighting the difficulty the Mughals faced in establishing firm control over the Telangana countryside.
Chronology of Key Events
1636: The Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda is forced to accept Mughal suzerainty under Emperor Shah Jahan.1655-56: Prince Aurangzeb, as Viceroy of the Deccan, attacks and humbles Golconda, imposing a harsh treaty and a matrimonial alliance.
Sep 22, 1687: After a prolonged siege, Emperor Aurangzeb conquers Golconda Fort, imprisons Sultan Abul Hasan Tana Shah, and annexes the kingdom.
1687-1700: Initial governorships of Rahulla Khan and Zansifar Khan, who struggle with Maratha raids and Zamindar revolts.
~1700-1708: Rebellion of Sarvai Papanna, a powerful local chieftain, challenges Mughal authority.
1702: A massive Maratha army under Tarabai plunders Hyderabad.
1707: Death of Aurangzeb, leading to a war of succession.
1708-1709: Prince Kam Bakhsh declares himself independent Sultan in Hyderabad but is defeated and killed by his brother, Emperor Bahadur Shah I.
1713: Emperor Farrukhsiyar appoints Mubarez Khan as Governor of Hyderabad and Nizam-ul-Mulkas Viceroy of the Deccan.
1719: The Sayyid Brothers, kingmakers in Delhi, conspire to remove Nizam-ul-Mulk from the Deccan.
1720-1722: Nizam-ul-Mulk helps Emperor Muhammad Shah eliminate the Sayyid Brothers and is made Grand Vizier.
1724: Nizam-ul-Mulk returns to the Deccan. The Battle of Shakarkheda is fought where he defeats and kills the imperial governor, Mubarez Khan. This marks the de facto establishment of Hyderabad as an independent state under the Asaf Jahi dynasty.
Sardar Sarvayi Papanna Goud (1709 CE - 1710 CE)
Reign and Reforms at GolcondaIn 1709, taking advantage of turmoil in Delhi, Papanna captured Golconda Fort, the former seat of the Qutb Shahi dynasty. For seven months, he ruled much of Telangana from there — a rare moment when a man from the Bahujan community ascended to sovereignty.
Papanna’s rule was marked by egalitarian and reformist policies:
He elevated Bahujans and other marginalized groups to positions of authority.
Encouraged land redistribution and equality among zamindars and common landlords.
Promoted religious and social harmony — his army and court included both Hindus and Muslims.
This brief reign became a symbol of social revolution — the assertion of the common people against centuries of feudal dominance.
Invention of transistor (Bardeen & Brattain, Bell Labs).
Digital revolution, global communication networks.
India & Telangana:
1947 CE: Indian independence.
Telangana region evolves socially, culturally, and technologically.
Modern cities (Hyderabad) emerge as knowledge and IT hubs.
On 9 December 2009, the government of India announced the process of formation of the Telangana state.
Papanna’s rule was marked by egalitarian and reformist policies:
He elevated Bahujans and other marginalized groups to positions of authority.
Encouraged land redistribution and equality among zamindars and common landlords.
Promoted religious and social harmony — his army and court included both Hindus and Muslims.
This brief reign became a symbol of social revolution — the assertion of the common people against centuries of feudal dominance.
Asaf Jahi Dynasty - Nizams (1724 CE - 1948 CE)
The Asaf Jahi dynasty (1724 CE - 1948 CE), also known as the Nizams of Hyderabad, was a Muslim dynasty that ruled the princely state of Hyderabad in southern India. Founded as a viceroyalty of the declining Mughal Empire, it swiftly evolved into one of the most powerful and wealthy sovereign states in the subcontinent. The dynasty is famed for its longevity, the immense wealth of its rulers (particularly the 7th Nizam, once considered the richest man in the world), its complex alliance with the British, and its administration of a vast, culturally diverse territory until its integration into the Indian Union in 1948.
Key Historical Significance
Key Historical Significance
Filling the Mughal Power Vacuum: It provided stable governance in the Deccan after the collapse of central Mughal authority.
Architect of Deccan Sovereignty: It established Hyderabad as a distinct and powerful political and cultural entity.
The Subsidiary Alliance Model: Its long-standing and complex relationship with the British East India Company became a model for other princely states.
Cultural Patronage: The Nizams were great patrons of Indo-Islamic art, architecture, literature, and cuisine, creating a unique Deccani culture.
Economic Powerhouse: The state controlled vast resources, including the world's only diamond mines for centuries (Golconda) and later, major industrial and infrastructure projects.
Chronology of Key Events
Architect of Deccan Sovereignty: It established Hyderabad as a distinct and powerful political and cultural entity.
The Subsidiary Alliance Model: Its long-standing and complex relationship with the British East India Company became a model for other princely states.
Cultural Patronage: The Nizams were great patrons of Indo-Islamic art, architecture, literature, and cuisine, creating a unique Deccani culture.
Economic Powerhouse: The state controlled vast resources, including the world's only diamond mines for centuries (Golconda) and later, major industrial and infrastructure projects.
Chronology of Key Events
1671: Birth of Mir Kamar-ud-din (future Asaf Jah I) in Delhi.
1724: Asaf Jah I establishes independence, founding the dynasty.
1748-1762: Period of succession wars and French & British political intrigue under Nasir Jung, Muzaffar Jung, and Salabat Jung.
1766: Asaf Jah II signs the first subsidiary treaty with the British, ceding the Northern Circars.
1798: A further treaty augments the subsidiary force, deepening British influence.
1853: Asaf Jah IV cedes Berar and other districts to the British under financial pressure.
1857: Asaf Jah V and Minister Salar Jung I remain loyal to the British during the Rebellion, cementing the alliance.
1858: Berar is taken "in trust" by the British in a new treaty.
1869: Asaf Jah VI, Mir Mahabub Ali Khan, ascends as a minor, leading to a regency under the renowned administrator Sir Salar Jung I.
1893: Formation of the Cabinet and Legislative Councils, modernizing the administration.
1902: Berar is leased in perpetuity to the British Government.
1911: Asaf Jah VII, Mir Osman Ali Khan, ascends the throne.
1724: Asaf Jah I establishes independence, founding the dynasty.
1748-1762: Period of succession wars and French & British political intrigue under Nasir Jung, Muzaffar Jung, and Salabat Jung.
1766: Asaf Jah II signs the first subsidiary treaty with the British, ceding the Northern Circars.
1798: A further treaty augments the subsidiary force, deepening British influence.
1853: Asaf Jah IV cedes Berar and other districts to the British under financial pressure.
1857: Asaf Jah V and Minister Salar Jung I remain loyal to the British during the Rebellion, cementing the alliance.
1858: Berar is taken "in trust" by the British in a new treaty.
1869: Asaf Jah VI, Mir Mahabub Ali Khan, ascends as a minor, leading to a regency under the renowned administrator Sir Salar Jung I.
1893: Formation of the Cabinet and Legislative Councils, modernizing the administration.
1902: Berar is leased in perpetuity to the British Government.
1911: Asaf Jah VII, Mir Osman Ali Khan, ascends the throne.
Aug 15, 1947 : Indian Independence from British. Osman Ali Khan ASAF Jahi VII chose to remain independent.
Sep 17, 1948 : Operation Polo, was a military operation ordered by then Indian Home Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel on Sep 13 1948 in which the Indian Armed Forces invaded the State of Hyderabad and overthrew its Nizam on Sep 17 1948, integrating Hyderabad in to India.
Sep 17, 1948 : Operation Polo, was a military operation ordered by then Indian Home Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel on Sep 13 1948 in which the Indian Armed Forces invaded the State of Hyderabad and overthrew its Nizam on Sep 17 1948, integrating Hyderabad in to India.
Part VI : AGE: Information Age (1947 CE – Present)
Global:Invention of transistor (Bardeen & Brattain, Bell Labs).
Digital revolution, global communication networks.
India & Telangana:
1947 CE: Indian independence.
Telangana region evolves socially, culturally, and technologically.
Modern cities (Hyderabad) emerge as knowledge and IT hubs.
Hyderabad State, India (Sep 17, 1948 - Oct 31, 1956)
Sep 17 1948 - Dec 31 1949 : Major General J. N. Chaudhuri who led Operation Polo stayed on as Military Governor.
26 January 1950 - 31 October 1956 : Last Nizam, Osman Ali Khan ASAF Jahi VII as Rajpramukh. Rajpramukh was an administrative title in India which existed from India's independence in 1947 until 1956. Rajpramukhs were the appointed governors of certain of India's provinces and states.
26 Jan, 1950 - 6 March, 1952 : M. K. Vellodi was Chief Minister of the state appointed by Government of India.
6 March, 1952 - 31 October 1956 : In the 1952 Legislative Assembly election, Dr. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected Chief minister of Hyderabad State.
26 January 1950 - 31 October 1956 : Last Nizam, Osman Ali Khan ASAF Jahi VII as Rajpramukh. Rajpramukh was an administrative title in India which existed from India's independence in 1947 until 1956. Rajpramukhs were the appointed governors of certain of India's provinces and states.
26 Jan, 1950 - 6 March, 1952 : M. K. Vellodi was Chief Minister of the state appointed by Government of India.
6 March, 1952 - 31 October 1956 : In the 1952 Legislative Assembly election, Dr. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected Chief minister of Hyderabad State.
Operation Polo (Sep 13-17). Hyderabad is integrated into the Indian Union.
Andhra Pradesh State, India (Nov 1, 1956 - June 1, 2014)
Hyderabad State is dissolved, and Telangana merged with Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh.
In December 1953, the States Reorganisation Commission was appointed to recommend the reorganisation of state boundaries. The panel was not in favour of an immediate merger of Telangana with Andhra state, despite their common language. With the intervention of the then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Telangana and Andhra states were merged on November 1, 1956. Nehru termed the merger a "matrimonial alliance having provisions for divorce".
After decades of protests and agitations, the central government, under the United Progressive Alliance, decided to bifurcate the existing Andhra Pradesh state and on 2 June 2014, the Union Cabinet unilaterally cleared the bill for the creation of Telangana. Lasting for almost 5 decades, it was one of the longest lasting movements for statehood in South India.
On 18 February 2014, the Lok Sabha passed the bill with a voice vote. Subsequently, the bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha two days later, on 20 February. As per the bill, Hyderabad would be the capital of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of the residual state of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years.
Telangana State, India (June 2, 2014 - Current)
K. Chandrashekar Rao (TRS) becomes the first Chief Minister.
Types of sources of Indian history:Archeological sources
Literary sources
Foreign Accounts
Archeology is the combination of two word ‘Archaios’ and ‘Logia’, where archaios means ancient and logia means knowledge. There are two methods of excavations- Horizontal and Vertical excavations.
Inscriptions
Coins
Seals
Potteries
Monuments
Caves
Sculptures
Paintings
Literary Sources
Literary sources can be broadly divided into:
Religious sources.
Non-religious sources.
Religious Sources:
Vedic texts(four Vedas)
Epics
Puranas
Smriti texts
Buddhist texts
Jain texts
Non-religious Sources:
Arthashastra- Kautilya
Rajtarangini- Kalhana
Nitisara- Kamandaka
Mahabhshya- Patanjali
Mudrarakshasa- Vishakhdutta
Ashtadhayayi- Panini
Foreign Accounts are a part of literary sources which consist of writing of Greek, Roman, Chinese and Arab travelers. In contradiction to Indian historians, foreign travelers too interest in Non-religious incidence. Thus, their work throws light on political and social conditions.
References:
The History of India By John McLeod
india as directed by megasthenes
Historical sketches of ancient Dekhan, by K. V. Subrahmanya Aiyer.
A history of the Deccan. By J. D. B. Gribble
Social and Cultural Life in Medieval Andhra
http://www.telangana.gov.in/about/history
http://historum.com/blogs/civfanatic/5408-kakatiyas-telangana-part-i-early-chiefs-956-1116.html
http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaKakatiyas.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3XpacKY9uI
http://historum.com/blogs/civfanatic/5409-kakatiyas-part-ii-rise-local-dominance-1116-1199.html
wikepedia.org
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/coins-boost-telugus-ancient-status/article1905384.ece
June 2, 2014 : Telangana became 29 state of India. On June 2, 2104, K Chandrasekhar Rao (born 17 February 1954) from Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) takes oath as the first chief minister of Telangana, India's 29th state representing the Gajwel Assembly constituency.
December 7, 2023: Anumula Revanth Reddy (born 8 November 1969) is second Chief Minister of Telangana since 7 December 2023. He represents Kodangal constituency in the Telangana Legislative assembly from Indian National Congress (INC).
Epigraphic Sources
Srirangam plates of Mummadi Nayaka of 1358 AD gives the boundary of Tilinga, which is to the West and East, Maharashtra and Kalinga; to the south and the north Pandya and Kanyakuvja
Akkalapundi grant of Singaya Nayaka of 1368 AD mentions desas trilinganama and Trilingadesadhipat.
Purle plates of Indravarman mentions that the donee came from tilinga and got land in kalinga.
Foreign Sources
Tarantha by caldwell mentions Trilinga.
Arab and Persion authors wrote Tilong and Tilingana
Ptlomey mentions Triglipyton or Trilingon
Epigraphic Sources
Srirangam plates of Mummadi Nayaka of 1358 AD gives the boundary of Tilinga, which is to the West and East, Maharashtra and Kalinga; to the south and the north Pandya and Kanyakuvja
Akkalapundi grant of Singaya Nayaka of 1368 AD mentions desas trilinganama and Trilingadesadhipat.
Purle plates of Indravarman mentions that the donee came from tilinga and got land in kalinga.
Foreign Sources
Tarantha by caldwell mentions Trilinga.
Arab and Persion authors wrote Tilong and Tilingana
Ptlomey mentions Triglipyton or Trilingon
Types of sources of Indian history:Archeological sources
Literary sources
Foreign Accounts
Archeology is the combination of two word ‘Archaios’ and ‘Logia’, where archaios means ancient and logia means knowledge. There are two methods of excavations- Horizontal and Vertical excavations.
Inscriptions
Coins
Seals
Potteries
Monuments
Caves
Sculptures
Paintings
Literary Sources
Literary sources can be broadly divided into:
Religious sources.
Non-religious sources.
Religious Sources:
Vedic texts(four Vedas)
Epics
Puranas
Smriti texts
Buddhist texts
Jain texts
Non-religious Sources:
Arthashastra- Kautilya
Rajtarangini- Kalhana
Nitisara- Kamandaka
Mahabhshya- Patanjali
Mudrarakshasa- Vishakhdutta
Ashtadhayayi- Panini
Foreign Accounts are a part of literary sources which consist of writing of Greek, Roman, Chinese and Arab travelers. In contradiction to Indian historians, foreign travelers too interest in Non-religious incidence. Thus, their work throws light on political and social conditions.
References:
The History of India By John McLeod
india as directed by megasthenes
Historical sketches of ancient Dekhan, by K. V. Subrahmanya Aiyer.
A history of the Deccan. By J. D. B. Gribble
Social and Cultural Life in Medieval Andhra
http://www.telangana.gov.in/about/history
http://historum.com/blogs/civfanatic/5408-kakatiyas-telangana-part-i-early-chiefs-956-1116.html
http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaKakatiyas.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3XpacKY9uI
http://historum.com/blogs/civfanatic/5409-kakatiyas-part-ii-rise-local-dominance-1116-1199.html
wikepedia.org
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/coins-boost-telugus-ancient-status/article1905384.ece