1687 AD - 1724 AD : Mughal Empire (1526–1857)
Founder : Babur (reigned 1526–1530), a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur (the founder of the Timurid Empire) on his father's side, and from Genghis Khan on his mother's side.
The four sons of Shah Jahan (ruled 19 January 1628 –31 July 1658) all held governorships during their father's reign.
In 1644, Aurangzeb's sister, Jahanara, was burned when the chemicals in her perfume were ignited by a nearby lamp while in Agra. This event precipitated a family crisis with political consequences. Aurangzeb suffered his father's displeasure by not returning to Agra immediately but rather three weeks later. Shah Jahan was outraged to see Aurangzeb enter the interior palace compound in military attire and immediately dismissed him from his position of viceroy of the Deccan
Aurangzeb became viceroy of the Deccan again after he was replaced by Dara Shukoh in the attempt to recapture Kandahar.
Subedar : Zansifar Khan
Aurangazeb then handed over the responsibility of ruling Hyderabad to subedar Zansifar Khan. Zansifar Khan worked as the subedar of Bijapur in 1687 CE . Zansifar Khan was an efficient military general and an able ruler, he protected Hyderabad from the Maratha attacks.
For easy administration, Circar region was divided into several of districts. Each district was placed under the headship of a”deshmukh’.
Collecting various taxes from the people, Fauzdars, Deshmukh and Havaldars were appointed, Taxes were collected from the people with help of local zamindars.
Zamindars had tiles such as ‘ manne-sultan”
Zamindars took advantage of Maratha attacks in the Deccan. After 1687 CE they declared independence. Some Zamindars declined to accept the Mughal superiority and revolted against them.
Some importants Zamindars from telangana revolted against Mughal viceroy were from Kaulas, Palvnacha, Jataprolu and Noorkoel. The most famous among the Vasireddi Zamindars were Venkatadri Naidu.
Aurangzeb died in the year 1707 CE at the age of 99 years. After his death war of succession broke among his sons, kambaksh (Deccan Subedar), Azam Shah (viceroy of Gujarat) and Shah Alam (Viceroy of Kabul). All the three princes fought with each other to occupy the throne.
On 5 November 1708, Shah's camp reached Bidar which is 67 miles north from Hyderabad. Historian William Irvine writes that as his "camp drew nearer desertions from Kam Bakhsh became more and more frequent". On 1 November Kam Bakhsh captured Pam Naik's (the zamindar of Wakinkhera) belongings after he had left his army
On 20 December 1708, Kam Bakhsh marched towards Talab-i-Mir Jumla, on the outskirts Hyderabad with "three hundred camels, twenty thousand rockets" for the war against Bahadur Shah I. Shah made his son Jahandar Shah the commander of the vanguard, but was replaced by Khan Zaman. On 12 January 1709, Shah finally reached Hyderabad and set up his tent training his troops.
On 13 January, Shah's army charged towards him. The troops were divided in two bodies – one was under the commandant of Mumin Khan and was assisted by Rafi-ush-Shan and Jahan Shah and the second under Zulfikar Khan.
With his soldiers being outnumbered and unable to resist the attack, Kam Bakhsh himself started shooting arrows at the enemy, finishing two quiverfuls of arrows. Irvine writes that when he was "weakened by loss of blood" the opposition surrounded him and took him and his son Bariqullah as prisoners. However a dispute rose among Mumin Khan and Zulfikar Khan about who had actually captured him. Rafi-us-Shan solved the matter by attributing it to the latter
The next morning on 14 January 1709, Kam Bakhsh died.
1709 - 1712 : Bahadur Shah I (Shah Alam I) (1707 - 1712)The emperor Bahadur shah I, recognized Sarvai Papanna as a king and honored him by gifting ‘Robe of Honor’.In return, Papanna offered to the emperor vast wealth.
1712 - 1713 : Jahandar Shah
June, 1713 - Governor Mubrez Khan
Farukh siyar appointed Mubrez Khan as the governor of Hyderabad in June 1713. As governor of Hyderabad, Mubrez Khan received several Privileges and concessions from the emperor Farukh siyar.
1713 - 1719 : Viceroy of the Deccan
1719 - 1724: Muhammad Shah (1719–1748)
Syed Hussain Ali Khan was murdered at Fatehpur Sikri in 1720, and Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha was fatally poisoned in 1722
Governor Mubariz Khan (1713 - 1724)
The war between Mubrez Khan and Hussian Ali Khan. At last, Mubrez khan won over Hussian Ali with Huge wealth and tried to place his son as the ruler of the Golconda fort.
1724 : Battle of ‘Shakarkhed’ in 1724 CE took place between the Mughal forces, Mubrez Khan and the armies of Nizam-ul-mulk. In this battle, the Mughal forces were defeated and Mubrez khan lost his life.
One of the most important events in Indian history was the establishment of the independent Hyderabad state in 1724 CE. This state was founded by Mir Qamruddin-chin-Qulichkhan. His successors ruled the modern Telangana, Andhra and Rayalseema regions from 1724 CE to 1948 CE.
Founder : Babur (reigned 1526–1530), a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur (the founder of the Timurid Empire) on his father's side, and from Genghis Khan on his mother's side.
Capitals: Agra (1526–1530; 1560–1571; 1598–1648), Delhi (1530–1540; 1554–1556; 1639–1857), Lahore (1586–1598), Fatehpur Sikri (1571–1585)
In 1632, Shah Jahan captured the fortress at Daulatabad, Maharashtra and imprisoned Husein Shah of the Nizam Shahi Kingdom of Ahmednagar. Golconda submitted in 1635 and then Bijapur in 1636.
1636 : Shah Jahan appointed Aurangzeb as the viceroy of the Deccan in 1636 and forced the Qutb Shahis to recognize Mughal suzerainty,
Aurangzeb became viceroy of the Deccan again after he was replaced by Dara Shukoh in the attempt to recapture Kandahar.
In 1655, Aurangzeb under the command from Shah Jahan took over Hyderabad by surprise and restricted Abdullah within the Golconda fort. Abdullah worked hard to negotiate reasonable terms of surrender but the Mughals forced him into accepting severe conditions. However, the severe terms were sweetened by a matrimonial alliance between the two families: Abdullah's second daughter, known as Padshah Bibi Sahiba, was married to Aurangzeb's eldest son, Muhammad Sultan Mirza.
In 1656, a general under Qutb Shahi dynasty named Musa Khan led an army of 12,000 musketeers to attack Aurangzeb, who was besieging Golconda Fort. Later in the same campaign, Aurangzeb, in turn, rode against an army consisting of 8,000 horsemen and 20,000 Karnataki musketeers.
On 10 August 1659, Dara was executed on grounds of apostasy and his head was sent to Shahjahan. The first prominent execution of Aurangzeb was that of his brother Prince Dara Shikoh, who was accused of being influenced by Hinduism although some sources argue it was done for political reasons.Aurangzeb had his allied brother Prince Murad Baksh held for murder, judged and then executed.Aurangzeb is accused of poisoning his imprisoned nephew Sulaiman Shikoh. Having secured his position, Aurangzeb confined his frail father at the Agra Fort but did not mistreat him. Shah Jahan was cared for by Jahanara and died in 1666.
In1687 when the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb conquered the Golconda sultanate. Sultan Abul Hasan Tana Shah was captivated and imprisoned at Daulatabad fort in 1699 CE, where he died after some time
Between 1687 and 1724, the Deccan was under the authority of the Mughal Viceroys.
1687 - 1707 : Aurangzeb
Governor: Rahulla Khan
Aurangazeb appointed Rahulla Khan as a temporary representative of the Mughal emperor in Golconda before leaving for Delhi. Rahulla khan Failed to control the Maratha attacks in outskirts of Hyderabad, He took shelter in the Golconda fort due to Maratha attacksAurangazeb then handed over the responsibility of ruling Hyderabad to subedar Zansifar Khan. Zansifar Khan worked as the subedar of Bijapur in 1687 CE . Zansifar Khan was an efficient military general and an able ruler, he protected Hyderabad from the Maratha attacks.
Zansifar khan made repairs of the forts of Kaulas, Elgandal, Koilkonda, Warangal, Pangal etc., and also made a stationary military force at these forts.Zansifar Khan continued the fauzadar’s appointments as present in the Qutb Shahi period. Most of them were Dakkani muslims. Fauzadars had the authority to impose and collect taxes from the lands that were within the radius of 10kms from the Haveli Paraganas.
Collecting various taxes from the people, Fauzdars, Deshmukh and Havaldars were appointed, Taxes were collected from the people with help of local zamindars.
Zamindars had tiles such as ‘ manne-sultan”
Zamindars took advantage of Maratha attacks in the Deccan. After 1687 CE they declared independence. Some Zamindars declined to accept the Mughal superiority and revolted against them.
Some importants Zamindars from telangana revolted against Mughal viceroy were from Kaulas, Palvnacha, Jataprolu and Noorkoel. The most famous among the Vasireddi Zamindars were Venkatadri Naidu.
1700 - Subedar : Khambaksh
In 1700, Khan Sifar khan, subedar of Hyderabad died, succeeded by prince kambaksh as the subedar of Hyderabad. Aurangazeb decided to make kambaksh as the ruler of Hyderabad and bijapur.During 1701 CE, Zamindar Venkata Rao accepted Aurangazeb’s rule and gave away his army. For this, he was given the position of ‘mansabdar’ in Mughal emperor’s army. Thus Venkat Rao became the first Telugu Zamiindar to join the mughal army.
In 1702 CE, nearly 50,000 Marathas under the leadership of Tarabai, attacked Hyderabad and plundered it for 3 days. Rustum kkhan helped maratha in attack
From 1701-1702, severe drought conditions prevailed in the hyderabad, According to the contemporary European accounts, nearly 20,000 people died.
From 1701-1702, severe drought conditions prevailed in the hyderabad, According to the contemporary European accounts, nearly 20,000 people died.
Aurangazeb appointed Qasim khan, the fauzdar of kolanupak to suppress Sarvai papanna. In the battle between the forces of Papanna and Mughal fauzdar Qusim Khan at kolanupak lost his life. Thus, the rise of Papanna in Telangana has become an important issue for the Mughal empire.
In 1702 CE, the deputy governor of Hyderabad suba, ‘Rustumdil khan’ confronted Papanna with a huge army. Papanna and his key follower ‘Sarvadu’ escaped
By 1704 CE, the Hyderabad people lost faith on the Mughal emperor as the marathas attacks on outskirt areas of Hyderabad.
In 1702 CE, the deputy governor of Hyderabad suba, ‘Rustumdil khan’ confronted Papanna with a huge army. Papanna and his key follower ‘Sarvadu’ escaped
Aurangzeb died in the year 1707 CE at the age of 99 years. After his death war of succession broke among his sons, kambaksh (Deccan Subedar), Azam Shah (viceroy of Gujarat) and Shah Alam (Viceroy of Kabul). All the three princes fought with each other to occupy the throne.
1707 - 1709 : Khambaksh
After ascending the throne by defeating Muhammad Azam Shah at the battle of Jajau near Agra in 1707, Bahadur Shah I ascended the throne. During this time, Kambaksh declared himself as the sultan of Golconda in Hyderabad.
In May 1708, Shah wrote a letter to Kam Bakhsh informing him of the happenings. Shah I thought that this incident would "be a warning" to him, so that he could not declare himself an independent sovereign.
In 1708 CE, an independent Golconda Kingdom was reestablished with previous territories of the Qutub Shahi Kingdom were brought together again under the rule of Kambaksh.
Khambaksh imposed ‘Jizia’ in hyderabad and raised the taxes. The merchants and traders of Hyderabad were feared by the atrocities of kambaksh.
Subedar Jan Sipar Khan
28 June 1708: When Shah reached Hyderabad on 28 June 1708, he received the news of Kam Bakhsh attacking Machhlibandar. Actually, there were thirty-two lakhs of treasure hidden in the fort which he wanted to seize for further campaigns. The subedar of the province Jan Sipar Khan refused to hand over the money. Enraged by the refusal, he confiscated the property and ordered that four thousand men to be recruited for the attackOn 20 December 1708, Kam Bakhsh marched towards Talab-i-Mir Jumla, on the outskirts Hyderabad with "three hundred camels, twenty thousand rockets" for the war against Bahadur Shah I. Shah made his son Jahandar Shah the commander of the vanguard, but was replaced by Khan Zaman. On 12 January 1709, Shah finally reached Hyderabad and set up his tent training his troops.
With his soldiers being outnumbered and unable to resist the attack, Kam Bakhsh himself started shooting arrows at the enemy, finishing two quiverfuls of arrows. Irvine writes that when he was "weakened by loss of blood" the opposition surrounded him and took him and his son Bariqullah as prisoners. However a dispute rose among Mumin Khan and Zulfikar Khan about who had actually captured him. Rafi-us-Shan solved the matter by attributing it to the latter
The next morning on 14 January 1709, Kam Bakhsh died.
1712 - 1713 : Jahandar Shah
Bahadur Shah I died in 1712, and his successor Jahandar Shah was assassinated on the orders of the Sayyid Brothers. In 1713, Jahandar's nephew Farrukhsiyar (r. 1713–1719) became the emperor with the brothers' help.
The term Sayyid brothers refers to Syed Abdullah Khan and Syed Husain Ali Khan, who were two powerful nobles during the decline of the Mughal Empire.
1713 - 1719: Farrukh-Siyar
1713 - 1719: Farrukh-Siyar
His reign marked the ascendancy of the Sayyid brothers, who monopolised state power and reduced the Emperor to a figurehead. The brothers conspired to send Nizam-ul-Mulk to Deccan, away from the Mughal Court, to reduce his influence.
During the rule of Farukh siyar that the Deccan suba and Hyderabad were placed under two efficient Sardars namely, Mubrezkhan and Mir khamruddin Chin Qilich Khan or Nizam-ul-Mulk.
June, 1713 - Governor Mubrez Khan
Farukh siyar appointed Mubrez Khan as the governor of Hyderabad in June 1713. As governor of Hyderabad, Mubrez Khan received several Privileges and concessions from the emperor Farukh siyar.
Mubrez occupied Elgandal fort and defeated Venkata Naidu.
Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan Siddiqi (11 August 1671 – 1 June 1748) also known as Chin Qilich Qamaruddin Khan, Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah and Nizam I was appointed as the subedar of 6 provinces in the Deccan in the year 1713. But in 1715, Sayyed brothers forced the Mughal emperor to remove Nizam-ul-mulk from the position of subedar of the Deccan.
In 1719, the Brothers blinded, deposed and murdered Farrukhsiyar.
They then arranged for his first cousin, Rafi ud-Darajat, to be the next ruler in February 1719. When Rafi ud-Darajat died of lung disease in June, they made his elder brother, Rafi ud-Daulah (Shah Jahan II), ruler. After Rafi ud-Daulah also died of lung disease in September 1719, Muhammad Shah (r. 1719–1748) ascended the throne at the age of seventeen with the Sayyid Brothers as his regents until 1720.
1719 - 1724: Muhammad Shah (1719–1748)
Muhammad Shah, to take back control of his rule, arranged for the brothers to be killed with the help of Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah.
1722 - 1724 : Asaf Jah I - Grand vizier
From 1720 to 1722 he helped the new Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah eliminate the Sayyid brothers and was rewarded by being elevated to the grand viziership from 1722 to 1724.
Governor Mubariz Khan (1713 - 1724)
He was the governor of Golconda from 1713 to 1724. His is known to have ruled Golconda with a free hand and brought it under stable rule from constant Maratha Raids to extract Chauth.
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