Telangana Tourism, History, Art and Culture with a 360 degree view, covering anything and everything !

Bonalu

Bonalu is a folk festival for Mother Goddess, which is very famous and people love to celebrate this festival during rainy season month of Ashada around July/August and goes on usually for twenty-two days. A minimum of twenty days is conceptually required to fulfil the promises given to mother goddess by carrying out pooja on the very first day and last day.

Bonalu derived from Bhojanalu meaning food, which is offered to mother goddess. Bonalu involves the worship of Mother Goddess in regional forms like Gangalamma, Ellamma/Yellamma, Mutyalamma, Mallanna, Maisamma, Peddhamma, Dokkalamma, Ankalamma, Poleramma, Maremma, Nookalamma and Samakka and Pochamma.

Women carrying Bonalu are believed to possess the spirit of Mother Goddess, and when they go towards the temple, people pour water on their feet to pacify the spirit, who is believed to be aggressive. Every group of devotees offer a Thottelu (a small colorful, paper structure supported by sticks), as a mark of respect to the goddess.

According to mythology, Potharaju the brother of the Mother Goddess. His role is played in the procession by a well-built, bare-bodied man, wearing a small tightly draped red dhoti, bells on his ankles, and anointed with turmeric on his body and vermilion on his forehead. He dances to resounding drums in the procession. Potharaju always dances in front of the Palaharam Bandi, i.e., the procession. He is considered the initiator of the festivities and the protector of the community. He leads the female dancers who are under the spell of the Mother Goddess (known as shigam) to the temple, with lashing whips and emerald neem leaves (margosa) tied around their waists, accompanied by trumpets and drums.

A non-vegetarian family feast follows after the great offering. The meat used to prepare the meal is the meat of a goat or a rooster, that has been ceremonially slaughtered, and later partaken as a meal. Peasants take whatever food they can as a display of affection to the earth goddess and eat it later. Toddy (palm wine) workers also offer toddy which they tap for their livelihood. There is no special scriptural mandate on what has to be offered. As per tradition, offerings are made to the goddess which consists of toddy, along with fowls, sheep and goat. Animals killed for community meals are not considered sacrifices.

Rangam (or Performing the Oracle), is held the next morning of the festival. A woman standing atop of an earthen pot invokes Goddess Mahakali onto her and performs the custom. She foretells the year ahead for the devotees asking about the future. This takes place before the procession is started

The prominent temples in the Secunderabad "Lashkar Bonalu" include Sri Ujjaini Mahakali Devasthanam, Sri Gandimaissamma Temple, Sri Devi Pochamma Temple, Sri Muthyalamma Temple, Sri Peddamma Temple, Sri Dokkalamma Temple, Sri Muthyalamma Temple, and Sri Peenugula Mallanna Temple, among others. Out of these temples, Sri Ujjaini Mahakali Temple, and Sri Devi Pochamma Temple are government temples, government officials and legislators also visit and take part in the festivities.



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Kinnera

Kinnera is a two-stringed instrument made using indigenous materials like bamboo, dried outer shell of round bottle gourd, honeycomb, bull horn, beads, mirrors and peacock feathers.

Scholar and poet Jayadhir Thirumala Rao says that the origins of the kinnera can be traced back to “around the 4th century AD, in and around the Deccan plateau”. “The Chenchu tribe [also known as Chenchus or Chenchulu], who were part of the Nallamalla forest, used to play the instrument while singing and narrating ballads or stories of heroes,” said Rao. “The Dakkali tribe of Mahbubnagar district in Telangana [in the area near the Nallamalla forest] was performing it at least from the 12th century. The Dakkalis are a sub-caste of the Madiga caste, once considered outcastes.”

The kinnera has several variations – it comes with seven, nine, 12 or 13 frets. The larger-sized ones have three resonators, while the smaller ones have only two. Much like the Saraswati veena, the instrument is made with organic materials. Its neck is crafted of bamboo, and the resonators from sun-dried and hollowed-out bottle gourds. Pangolin scales are used for the frets, and honey wax for binding. The strings were once fashioned out of women’s hair, horse-tail hair and even animal nerves, but have long been replaced with thin metallic strings.

The ballads accompanying the music are usually drawn from historical incidents, the lives of local heroes, and sometimes songs from the Jamba Puranam. The Jamba Puranam is one of around 40 Puranas in Telugu that differ from the Sanskrit Puranas, in that their content is specific to a local community. The ballads are often interspersed with simple and short, often dramatic, monologues. The tone of voice, facial expressions and body language change with the song’s mood.

Padma Shri Darshanam Mogilaiah (born in 1951) also known as Kinnera Mogulaiah, is an artist from Ausalikunta, Lingal mandal, Nagarkurnool district, Telangana State, India is one among a few surviving performers of a tribal musical instrument known by the name Kinnera. Mogulaiah learned the art of playing kinnera from his father Yellaiah.

He has had not much formal education and has had no steady job with an assured income. He has seen much hardships and his life had been very difficult eking out a living doing odd jobs like a daily wager in construction sites. He had worked as a laborer for 14 years in Adilabad, Karimnagar and Warangal. He had also worked at a construction site in Mumbai.

Mogilaiah's forefathers were pioneers in making and playing kinneras having different numbers of stairs. His father had made a nine-stair kinnera. Mogilaiah was the first person to create a 12-stair kinnera and he is the only artist who makes and plays the 12-step kinnera. In the year 2022, Govt of India honoured him with the Padma Shri award for his contributions as a kinnera musician.

He received the state’s highest honours, the Ugadi Puraskaram, in 2015. There is even a chapter on him in a social studies school textbook. Another member of the Dakkali tribe, Pochayya, who hails from the Mahabubnagar district, was honoured by the University of Hyderabad in 2015.

But such honours and awards have failed to make a difference in the lives of these artists. Their performances are few and far between – at the occasional academic meet or art festivals – and remuneration has been dwindling. Most of them are forced to live off the doles from the Madigas.

Dakkali Balamma, the only woman perfomer of the kinnera, is 95 years old. The only proof of the umbilical connection between the Chenchu tribal. When Balamma was younger, the residents of her village said, she would ride around on a horse, much to the awe of her Dakkali tribe. Her voice, at the time, was more powerful, and her impressive performances with the kinnera in the district’s villages were rewarded with money, food and clothes by the Madigas, the patron class. Fortunes changed with time. By the time Balamma died in December 2018, she was penniless. The villagers had to pool in money for her last rites.

Balamma was among the dozen or so people in India still playing the instrument. The kinnera is a stringed instrument native to the nomadic tribes in the Deccan plateau, such as the Dakkali and the Chenchu. A kinnera performance involves vocals and music, and the ballads are sung primarily in rustic Telugu. But today, it is an all but forgotten practice.

Panduga Sayanna-The Robinhood of Telangana
Even after 125 years, when Dakkali Folk artists narrate the heroic tale of Pandugolla Sayanna still reverberates and echoes in the villages in Wanaparthy and one can visualize Sayanna before them when the Dakkali folk artist narrates the story using a Kinnara instrument.

Panduga Sayanna was a hero of the poor who fought against the feudal society and atrocious rule of the Deshmukhs, Patels and Zamindars, who fleeced the poor and tortured the Dalits and downtrodden classes during the period of Nizam rule between 1980 and 1900.

A few Scholars called Pandugolla Sayanna a Social Bandit. Others called him as Robinhood of Telangana. Few others went to the extent of calling him a Revolutionary Hero.

Common people opined that Pandugolla Sayanna was neither a thief nor a bandit. He was the “Hero” of the poor people. He was a brave and heroic man who saved and reinstated poor people’s health, wealth, and lives. They considered him as their own “blood relative”.

Pandugolla Sayanna was born in a Meruginipalle village in Palamoor (Mahaboobnagar). He was born into a “Tenuga” family. (Tenuga meaning person engaging in maintaining gardens, gardening work, and related works) on Muharram day. His parents could not afford to send him to school due to acute poverty. He was thus engaged in the family occupation.

As per the Dakhali folk artists' narration, it is believed that Sayanna was 6” feet and had a strong build physique. He had a long and sharp nose and a dark bushy mustache that he used to curl and extend to both ears. In due course, Sayanna built up relationships with Telugu Narasamma, a beautiful woman who became his companion too. She fell for his “Pedikadu nadumu” meaning, his waist measured one fist- to say, he had a slender waist and broad built-up shoulders measuring three fists. To say, Pandugolla Sayanna was well-built and handsome.

Just the mention of his name sent cold shivers to Nizam rulers and district officials. In order to capture Pandugolla Sayanna red handed “qufiya police” became shadow followers. Jamindar Venkata Reddy built up enmity with Pandugolla Sayanna and also intended to take revenge for his actions.

However, one fine day Pandugolla Sayanna was captured by Qufiya police with great difficulty with the support of landlords, and other wealthy people who intended Sayana’s captivity and remanded him in an Iron cage. Even after capturing and deploying him in an iron cage, police feared touching or going near Pandugolla Sayanna.

Rani Shankarama (1840-1912) of Vanaparthi Samasthana with soft corner was ready to pay a sum of Rs 10, 000/- (amount equivalent to the looted amount by Sayanna) to the police.

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Natavati or Natavadi Chiefs

1104 AD - 1269 AD : Natavadi Chiefs
Capital : Madapalle / Madhira (Khammam district, Telangana), Nandigama (NTR district, AP)

Madapalle, Madhira (Khammam, Telangana) is part of Natavadi Vishaya and extended until Nidikonda, Raghunathpalle, Jangoan district at some time.

The Natavadi records are at Nidikonda, Tripurantakam, Draksharama and Simhachalam.

Beta Kshanipalaka
Inigurthi Inscription

Muppabhupa
Kakatiya Prola II (1116-1157 CE) married Muppmamba daughter of Natavadi King Muppa Bhopal

1104 AD - 1157 AD : Durga or Duggabhupa or Natavadi Duggaraja
Durga was the founder of the kingdom of the Natavadis and its first ruler. He issued records of him own. His earliest inscription is from Nidikonda in Raghunathpalle, Jangaon district dated in the cyclic year Tarana and the 29th year of C.V. era. Corresponding to December 24, 1104 A.D. Durga is mentioned as Dugga and Duggarasa in the record and as Duggabhupathi in the Inugurti record of his son Buddha. He bore the epithets—Mandalika and Nathavatidhatnnatha. 

1117 AD : Feudatory of Vikramaditya VI
The Nidikonda inscription definitely shows that Dugga was a subordinate of Vikramaditya VI of the Chalukyas of Kalyani, spoken of, as a greater warrior and conqueror of many fortresses, Durga must have served Tribhuvanamallavikramaditya VI in his wars faithfully and was bestowed with the rulership over Natavadivishaya with its capital at Madapalle. It has been said that “this (Nidikonda) inscription is the only definite evidence of the actual extent of the Western chalukya kingdom about this time. “Durgaraja’s loyalty to the Chalukyas might have continued throughout the reigns of Vikramaditya VI and Somesvara III till about AD. 1140 as the chalukyan power prevailed in Vengi up to that date.

In A.D. 1157 as seen from a record at Navepotavaram (Bezvada taluq) Prodamadevi made grants for the merit of her deceased husband—Durgaraja. This Durgaraja, was probably Natavadi Durga and consequently his reign lasted up to A.D. 1157.

1157 AD - 1201 AD : Buddharaja
Buddha was the son and successor of Durga and had a reign of forty-six years from A.D. 1157 to 1201 when he was succeeded by his second son Rudra, which suggests that his eldest son predeceased him. Buddha is known from the records of his successors. His only record is from Inugurti, removed from the wall in the old fort and now preserved in the local Vishnu temple, mentioning Betakshompalaka, Durgabhupati and Buddha kshompati.

Buddha acknowledged the supremacy of the Kakatiyas under Rudradeva which is attested by his Inugurti stone inscription mentioning Rudradeva and his general Sikhmayaka ruling over Natavadi simha.

The Kundavaram inscription says that Mahadeva married his daughter Kundamika to Rudradeva son of Buddha As for the date, the cyclic year Pramadi is given. This measure of alliance speaks for the political wisdom of Buddha and Mahadeva, for it eliminated any fear for the Natavadis from the Kakatiyas.

Buddha maintained amicable relations with Ganapati, the son and successor of Mahadeva. We may note that Natavadi Buddha cannot have had any relationship with Buddha, the author of Ranganatharamayana, for chronology is against it, as Gona Buddha lived fifty year after the Natavadi Buddha,

The Chagis claim lordship over Natavadivishaya, as is evidenced from their inscriptions. Buddha must have been on friendly terms with the Chagis, and the Kona kandravadis.

1201 AD - 1248 AD : Natavadi Rudra
Natavadi Rudra also known as Vakkadimalla Rudra , the son of Buddharaja

1201 AD : Natavadi prince , Vakkadimalla Rudra found in the Kanakadurga mantapa at the foot of the Indrakila hill and dated A.D. 1201 , indicates the presence of Natavadi troops and presumably also those of the Kakatiyas in the city at that time

The Kundavaram inscription says that Mahadeva married his daughter Kundamika to Rudradeva son of Buddha. Rudra’s earliest inscription is from Bezwada dated A.D. 1201 mentioning him as the brother-in-law (marundi) of Ganapati of the Kakatiyas. 

Rudra I was the greatest of the Natavadis. His prasasti is imperialistic and indicative of independent rule. His reign lasted for a period of forty seven years from A.D. 1201 to 1248 when he was succeeded by his son and successor Rudradeva II.

His next inscription also from Bezwada dated A.D. 1205 mentions him as Natavadi Rudra, and his father Budhaaraja. 

Rudra’s inscription from Tripurantakam dated A.D. 1209 is issued in the reign of Ganapati of the Kakatiyas. It mentions the king as Vakkadimalla Rudra the second son of Buddha and his queen as Melambika / Mailamba, the sister of Ganapati of the Kakatiyas. 

No doubt Vakkadimalla Rudra and Rudra I are identical. Rudra’s Amaravati record dated A D.1234 mentions Bayyalamahadevi, the queen of Kota Keta III and daughter of Natavadi Rudra. 

Rudra’s last inscription is from Tripurantakam dated A.D. 1242. Two inscriptions of the reign, one incomplete and the other undated from Tripurantakam and Nudurupadu respectively mention Vakkadimallarudra devamaharaja, queen Mailala mahadevi and Bayyaladevi Yammangaru and her daughter. A record at Mudunur mentions kma Rudra, lord of Nathavati, his queen Kundamba, daughter of Mahadeva of the Kakatiyas, their son king Mahadeva and his queen Mahadevi. Though no records of Rudra after A.D. 1242 are available, his reign may have extended up to A.D. 1248—the earliest date of his sons.

Natavadi Rudra had founded the Village Buddhapura after his name by clearing the forest and furnished it with a tank

1248 AD - 1269 AD - Rudradeva II

Natavadi Dorapanayaka was ruling in Bezawada



https://www.wisdomlib.org/south-asia/book/the-history-of-andhra-country/d/doc219781.html





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Alampur

Alampuram (Hemalapuram) is a town situated in Jogulamba Gadwal district in the Indian state of Telangana.

Alampura or Hatampura in Kanne (300) is situated very near modern Kurnool Town, within its easy reach, on the opposite bank of the river Tungabhadra which runs between the places separating them as it were, the place noted for its many peculiar architectural gopuras, is a famous Saiva centre the presiding deity being Balabrahmivara with the goddess, Jogulamba, or Yogeswari.

The Tungabhadra region is the strategic place, situated on the Vengi Karnataka border and on the route between South India and the north. The Krishna-Tungabhadra doab was the meeting place and battlefield between many empires that flourished in the Deccan. The Chalukyas of Badami and Rashtrakutas of Malkhed met the Pallava of Kanchi in this region and fought a number of times, devastating the territory. Similarly, the Chalukya of Kalyani and the Cholas of the south constantly came into conflict and their forces met in this region for over a century.

Chalukya Vikramaditya had a brilliant career as a prince and the Alampur region was the central place of his activity. Even his brother, Somesvara II assigned him the governorship over Gangapadi and the territory beginning from Alampura. 

859 AD : Pragatore, Alampur
Records the grant of land as vritti (tenures) by ratti bhataralu towards the bhoga (service) of the god Lakulisvara. The grant comprises 10 martars of land to Devala Gundaya and 10 martars under krotha cheruvu. The record also mentions for the first time the term komati meaning merchant.

1028 AD : Bikkenna
1028 AD : Alampur Museum : It is a hero stone kept in the Museum. States that in S. 950, Vibhava (A. D. 1028-9) Jasinga Vallabha came with his army to conquer Kanna-nadu, and in a battle fought at Pebberi, Bikkena pierced an elephant and died. Someone erected a memorial pillar.

1051 AD - 1056 AD : Gamgayya
21st October, 1051 AD : Alampur Museum
The inscription is in another slab fixed in the Museum and it begins with a reference to the pontifical reign of Panchadasi Hataraka, the maha sthanadhipati (the chief priest) of the temple of Brahmesvaradeva, the lord of all the worlds, who manifested himself at Hatampuram (Alampur). Then it proceeds to state that while Trailokyamalladeva (Somesvara I) was ruling the kingdom of the earth, the Pandita Bhatara together with his son Pancharasi gifted, in the presence of the servants of Pancharasi-bhatara, to the Chaturjataka ascetic, some land and his house as a vritti on S. 973, Khara, Karttika Punpamu (su. 15) Somavara (Monday, 21st October, A.D. 1051; su. 14. expired at 46 and su. 15 commenced). The inscription is written by Gamgayya.

1054 AD : Somesvarasi-bhattaraka
This inscription is at the left side of the entrance into the Mahadvara. Records a gift of land to copper-smith (kamsiga) Nachoja by Somesvarasi-bhattaraka, the Maha-stanadhipati of Brahmeswara temple.

4th February, 1055 AD : Somesvarasi-bhattaraka
This inscription is dated S. 976, Jaya, Phalguna su. 5, Saturday, (A.D. 1055, Feb.4). Records a gift of land made by Somesvararasi Bhattaraka mahasthanapati of the god Brahmesvara and other temple servants.

Telugu Cholas of the Pedakallu branch
1056 AD - 1060 AD : Irugana Choda Maharaja
1056 AD : After this, Chidda-Chola appears as a feudatory of Somesvara II in a record of 1073-74 A.D. representing him as governing the four divisions called Kanne-300, Pedekal-300, Naruvadi-500 and Ayaje-300. It has been already observed that our inscription refers to him as governing the four divisions of which only Kanne-nadu is mentioned. The remaining three divisions were, therefore, Pedekal 800, Naruvadi-500 and Ayaje-300. It may be pointed out in this connection, that one Irugan chola of the same family appears as a feudatory of Somesvara I in the records of 1056-57 A.D. probably as governing the same four divisions while a certain Bijna-chola maharaja figures as governing the said divisions as a feudatory of Vikramaditya VI in 1078 A.D. 

1060 - 1078 AD : Chidda Cholamaharaja
Alampur  Inscription : The earliest mention of the chief which I have been able to trace occurs in a record of Somesvara I dated in 1059-60 A.D. when he was governing the Sindavadi-1000 division. Next he refers to it in a record of the same king dated in 1067-68 A.D. as governing the division of Ayaje-300.

Of the inscriptions of the Later Chalukyas, one, dated Saka 989 (A.D. 1067) and belonging to the reign of king Trailokyamalladeva (Somesvara I) refers to his feudatory Maha- mandalesvara Chiddanachola-maharaja as governing Ayaje-300 and records a gift of three hundred gadyanas of gold at the rate of one gadyana fan each village in the said division to the temple of Brahmesvara at Alampura. Two other inscriptions, both belonging to the reign of Bhuvanaikamalla (Somesvara II), are dated Saka 997 (A.D. 1075) and 998 (A.D. 1076) respectively. 

The former mentions Mahamandalesvara Chiddanachola-maharaja as the feudatory governing Kanne-300, while the latter refers to Dandanayaka Naranamayya of Vatsa-kula. 

28th December 1074 A.D. : Bichapalli, Alampur Taluk, Mahabubnagar district. : Western Chalukya.
Sanskrit and Kannada.
The date of the inscription occurs in lines 25-33 as Saka 996, Ananda, Pushya su. 8, Sunday. The date corresponds to the 28th December 1074 A.D. king's feudatory Mahamandalesvara Chidda-cholamabaraja as governing the four divisions, of which only the Kanne-nadu is mentioned, after obtaining them, evidently from the king, as a fief called vila-vritti, the exact significance of which is not known. The chief is stated to have undertaken an expedition (dig- vijaga) against a certain Seguna probably Seunachandra II (1050 AD - 1074 AD) and to have defeated and captured him.

A fourth epigraph belonging to king Tribhuvanamalla (Vikramaditya VI) is dated in the Chalukya-Vikrama year 2 (A.D. 1077-78) and mentions the king's feuda-tory Mallamaharaja of the Vaidumba family, who was governing Ayaje-300. These subordinates of the king figure in the epigraphs as donors to the temple of Brahmesvara at Alampura.

1078 AD - 1081 AD : Mallamaharaja 
24th December 1078 AD : Alampur
This inscription is on a slab placed in the local museum, dated Chalukya-Vikrama 2, Kalayukta, Pushya ba. 3, Monday, Uttarayana-samkranti=1078 A.D. December 24. Records a gift of the village Langanavavi as paramesvaradatti to god Brahmesvara at Alampura by Mahamandalesvara Mallamaharaja of the Vaidumba family, while he was administering the gift. Published in Telangana Sasanamulu, pp. 126-27, No. 26.

The Vaidumba chief of Kalukadapura Mahamahdalehara Malla Maharaja is mentioned in two inscriptions at Alampur dated in A.D. 1079 and 1081 as the ruler of Aize 300 under the suzerainty of Vikramaditya VI. This chief is also said to be ‘the Lord of Kalukada.

This inscription is dated C.V.E......Rudri, Jayestha Amavasya, Solar eclipse. The inscription introduces the king's feudatory Mahamandalesvara Mallamanaraja of the Vaidumba family with titles. He is said to be the lord of Kalukadapura governing the district of Ayaje three hundred. It seems to register the gift of a village to mahasthanadhipati, Brahmarasi Bhattara for the worship etc. in the temple of Brahmesvara.

This inscription is dated C.V.E.2, Kalayukta, Pushya ba. 3, Monday, Uttarayana Samkranti. Registers an endowment of Langanavavi to Somesvararasi Bhattaraka mahasthanapati for the benefit of Brahmesvara by mahamandalesvara Malla Maharaja of the vaidumba family who was administering Ayaja-300.

14th November, 1080 AD : Alampur
This inscription is on a slab placed in the local museum, dated Chalukya-Vikrama 4, Rudra, Pushya amavasye, solar eclipse=1080 A.D. November 14. Records a gift of two villages Moneyuru and Nadumivade to god Brahmesvara at Alampura by Mahamandalesvara Mallamaharaja of the Vaidumba family, while he was administering the gift.

1079 AD : Bijjana Chola Maharaja
Bijjana Chola Maharaja was ruling over Kanne-300 Pedakallu-800 Naravádi-500 from Etagiri in 1079 A.D. (SIL. IX-1.147). As the record mentions Pedakallu as the place wherein the land donated lay, it is likely that this Chola prince has some relationship with this Ghatiyankakara.

1079 AD : Chola Mangarasa
1079 AD : Chola Mangarasa was ruling over Rodda-300 and Kaniyakallu 300-in A.D. 1079

1082 AD : This inscription is on a stone near the Museum. States that while Vikramaditya was ruling preggada Mallapayya made a gift to the God Brahmesvara deva after offering oblations to Vyomasiva pandita, along with the entire pancha rasi Pedmura parivaram.

This inscription is on a slab in the local museum. Records a gift of Undaveli, Baruveli, Gudiyuru and Kadamburu in Ajaye-300 and another village in Kanne-300 to god Brahmesvara by the chief queen. The gift was made over to Dharanindrarasi-pandita.

1088 AD : Ballaya Chola Maharaja
Another Telugu Chola ‘Kumarankusam’, Ballaya Chola Maharaja was ruling over Sindavādi-1000 in A.D. 1088 and his subordinate Mahamandalesvara Chikkarasa of Nambulige of the Mahavali Bána family made some grant of land (SII IX-1.157).

1088 AD : Abharana Chola Maharaja 
of the Karikála family was ruling over the Narmadacha-200,000 in A.D.1088

1089 AD : Vallabarasa
Pundur : (C.V. Prabhava, Telangana Ins. No. cha.28) we find a record of Chalukya Vikramaditya VI, mentioning a subordinate called Mahamandalesvara Vallabarasa, granting lands. 

24th March 1103 AD : Alampur
Damaged. Records a gift of the village Chillars on the back of the Tungabhadra situated in Kanne-300 as a sarvvanamasya to god Brahmesvara by the queen Maleyamatidevi. The recipient of the temples.

1103 AD : Alampur.
This inscription is on a slab in the Museum. Records the donation of Ballera village in the Kannesima on the banks of the Tungabhadra river to Devaracharya muni pandita of Brahmesvara temple for the renovation of temple and for anga bhogas by chief queen Abhinava Sarasvati, wife of Vikramaditya VI as sarvanamasya.

1107 AD - 1109 AD : Ghatiyankakara Choda
"Ghatiyankakara'' which is a title and not a name. Probably he was more popular by his title than by his name but what is curious is, for the Telugu Chola it appears to be now and was originally borne by the Nolamba Pallavas.

The frequent presence of Telugu Chola records from A.D. 1107 onwards suggests that there was some necessity for renewed activity in this region. This is followed up by another in A.D.1109, as we have already seen, with the slight change in name Ghatiyankarája instead of Ghatiyankakára.

1107 AD - 1116 AD : Mallarasa
1107 AD : Alampur
This is a Telugu Chola inscription of the time of Tribhuvanamalla Vikramaditya VI of the Western Chilukyas of Kalyani dated in the Chilukya Vikrama year, 31 Vyaya, Uttarayana Sankranti from a stone slab unearthed recently near the Balabrahmesvara temple in the village of Alampur
Registers a grant of land, a village whose name is lost (la..madu) in Pedakallu-500 for the worship of the god and for the maintenance of the temple Brahmēsvara at Alampur, entrusted to the care of the priest of the place (? stanadhipati) Dharanindrarási Pandita, after washing his feet.

1109 AD, as we have already seen, with the slight change in name Ghatiyankarája instead of Ghatiyankakára.

The mention of the name of Chalukya Vikramaditya VI, Tribhuvanamalla ruling from the nelevidu of Kalyána and a Telugu Chola of the status of a Mahamandalesvara as his subordinate with Pedakallu as the place where the land was granted clearly show the influence of the Kalyani rulers over the Telugu Cholas of the Pedakallu branch in particular and the latter's importance in helping the imperial family in maintaining the empire against enemies.

11th June, 1108 AD : Alampur Museum
This inscription is on a slab lying down in the Museum. Damaged. Seems to begin with the invocation of Brahmesvaradeva of Hatampura and Tribhuvanamalladeva and Kalyana. It is stated that in C.V. 33 Sarvadhari.... Amavasya and Brihaspativara; Surya grahana (Thursday, 11th June A.D. 1108), Tribhuvanamalladeva's chief Queen (name lost) surnamed Abhinava Sarasvati made a gift of Damagattale in Kanne (300) to the god Brahmesvaradeva, established at Hatampura (Alampur) the western gateway Srisailam for the anga-bhoga of the god, and white washing and repairs etc., of the temple. The gift appears to have been made after washing the feet of Dharanindrarasi pandita.

1109 AD : Alampur
This inscription is dated C.V.E. 32, Sarvajit-Uttarayana Samkranti. Records the grant of Villages in Aije-300 to the god Brahmesvara of Alampura by Abhinava Sarasvati, probably Chanda Devi the chief queen of Tribhuvanamalladeva.

1109 AD : Alampur
This inscription is dated C.V.E. 32, Sarvajit, Uttarayana Samkranti (A.D. 1107, Dec. 25, Wed ?). Records the gift of income from certain taxes and fines collected in the village Kandanavola on the Tungabhadra to the god Brahmesvara by Mahamandalesvara Mallarasa lord of Koduru, after loving the feet of mahasthsanapati Dharanindrarasi Pandita.

1114 AD : Alampur
This inscription is on a stone by the side of Brahmesvara temple. Registers a gift to perform bhogas of Brahmesvara deva and for renovation of the temple and white washing by the chief queen Mahadevi of Tribhuvanamalla Vikramaditya. She was praised as Dvitiya Lakshmi, Abhinava Sarasvati, Visalavakshasthala nivasi, Madhura vachana rachana nari, and a gem in Kas'yapa gotra.

1115 AD : Alampur
This inscription is at the main entrance of Brahmesvaralaya. It records a gift for the renovation, white washing, anga - bhogas and five rituals of the God Brahmesvara deva, to Sthanadhipati Vitaranendra rasi pandita by mahamandalesvara Sri Mallarasa.

1150 AD - 1154 AD : Hallavarasa
25th June, 1151 AD : Alampur,
This inscription is from the two sides of a pillar from Yoga-Narasimha temple. Records a gift of land to god Madhavadeva by Chakama, wife of Nagadeva-nayaka who was the padihara (pratihara) of Mahamandalesvara Hallavarasa.

1153 AD : Alampur
This inscription is dated S. 1075 (mistake for 1073), Prajapati. Registers a gift of land to god Madhava by Chakama, wife of Nagadeva Nayaka holding the office of door keeper of Mahamandalesvara Hallavarasa.

Kalachuris of Kalyani
1178 AD - 1183 AD : Ahavamalla
11th January, 1182 AD : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal District
This inscription is of the time of the Kalachuri king Ahavamalla, son of Bijjala. It cites the date, his 4th regnal year, Magha s.u. 5, Monday. This date regularly corresponds to A.D. 1182, January 11.

This inscription is on two sides of a pillar in the Suryanarayana temple. Records a gift of income from several taxes, for offerings and maintenance of a perpetual lamp in the temple of Gavaresa by the Ayyavole-500 svamis, nanadesis, mummuri-dandas, Kannada-4000 and the Stalas of several places who had assembled as mahanadu at Dakshina-Varanasi, i.e. Alampura. Sthanapati Kesavarasi was the recipient of the gift.

1262 AD : Alampur.
The inscription dated in Saka 1184 (A.D. 1262) , records the renovation of a pillar (kambam) of the temple of Brahmesvaradeva by Bammisetti for the merit of Cheraku-Murari Ketaya, Danay-Murari Immadi-Devaya, Dushtarankusa Annaya and Jagadala Marayya.






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Mancherial District History

Mancherial district was created out of Adilabad district in 2016 during the general reorganization of districts in Telangana. The district headquarters is located at Mancherial town. It is surrounded by Komaram Bheem, Nirmal, Jagtial, Peddapalli and Bhupalpally districts of Telangana and with Maharashtra state.

Mancherial is said to get its name from the term ‘Manchi Revu’ as the place is on the banks of river Godavari. It is believed that later Manchi Revu was westernized as Mancherial.

Mancherial is previously called as "GARMILLA". 

Jurassic Period

Yamanapalli Dinosaur Fossil of Kotasaurus Yamanpalliensis, 16-foot-high (over 5 metres in height) and 14 metres in length from Jurassic age, dating back to about 160 million years was found during an excavation by the Geological Survey of India (GSI) in Yamanapalli region of Mancherial District, Telangana State, India.

Negligent Telangana government has no plans for a fossil park
While a fossil eco-park is being developed with fossils of trees, fish, leaves and animals from the Permian, Triassic and Jurassic ages in Sironcha, Maharashtra, Telangana state forest department has neglected the Kataram-Mahadevpur-Yamanapalli site despite a number of fossils found in the Pranahita-Godavari valley of the same area. Scientists from the Geological Survey of India had earlier excavated fossils of dinosaurs and other animals and plants, and had placed them in their museum at GSI Southern Region headquarters at Bandlaguda, and another dinosaur fossil at the Birla Science Centre, both in Hyderabad.

Mesolithic cave paintings found in Thaatimattayya hills of Buggagattu forest in Mancherial district of Telangana State.

700 BC - 300 BC : Asmaka 
Founder : Unknown (Believed to be Asmaka)
Capitals : Potana or Potali or Paudanya of Mahabharata or today's Bodhan.
Languages : Prakrit
Religion : Budhism, Jainism, Hinduism

c.300 BC - 232 BC : Mauryan Empire (322 BC –185 BC)
Founder : Chandragupta Maurya (320 BC - 298 BC)
Capital : Pataliputra
Languages : Prakrit
Religion : Budhism, Jainism, Brahmanism

c. 232 BC - c. 208 AD : Pre-Satavahana and Satavahana Dynasty
Excavations in kotilingala found punch marked coins of Pre Satavahana rulers
Rano Gobhadasa, Siri Kama, Sirivaya, Siri Naransa, Rano Sama Govasa
Siri Satavhanasa, Rano Siri Sataka Rinisa, Rano Siri Simukha Satavahanasa, Rano Siri Satakanasa, Rano Siri Pulomavisa, Mahatalavarasa, Maha Senapthi Sagamanasa, Salakasa, Mahatalavara Sivakhada, Maharathi Sivakanasa

208 AD - c. 320 AD : Ikshvakus
Founder : Vashishthiputra Sri Santamula (Santamula I) : 208 - c. 250 AD

c. 320 AD - 340 AD : Pallava Dynasty (275 AD - 897 AD)
Pallavas were initially feudatories of Satavahanas and later ruled independently from Kanchipuram.

c. 340 - 477 A.D : Vakataka Dynasty (250 AD - 500 AD)
Founder : Vindhyashakti (250 AD - 270 AD)
Capitals : Vatsagulma, the present day Washim in Maharashtra.
Languages : Maharashtri Prakrit, Sanskrit
Religion : Budhism, Hinduism

c. 477 AD to 611 ADVishnukundins (380 AD - 611 AD)
Madhavavarma II (456 AD - 504 AD)
Wife : Vakataka Princess Mahadevi
Ruled at least 48 years
The reign of Madhavavarma was a golden age in the history of the Vishnukundins. It was during this period, the small Vishnukundin dynasty rose to imperial heights.

611 AD - 753 AD : Badami Chalukyas (543 AD - 753 AD)
Founder : Pulakeshin I
Capitals : Badami
Languages : Kannada, Sanskrit
Religion : Jainism, Hinduism

753 AD - 973 AD : Rashtrakuta Dynasty of Manyakheta
Founder : Dantidurga 
Capital : Manyakheta
Languages : Kannada, Sanskrit
Religion : Jainism, Hinduism

753 AD to 973 AD : Vemulavada Chalukyas (vassals of Rashtrakuta Dynasty) ruled Karimnagar and Nizamabad. One of the famous chalukya dynasties, who ruled the North-Western part of Telangana region  were the vemulawada chalukyas. Pulakesin-II, the Badami Chalukya king was the originator of this dynasty. Ten generations of this dynasty ruled the region with vemulawada of Karimnagar district as their capital. Their kingdom began with the Rashtrakutas and ended also with Rashtrakutas.

930 - 958 AD : Arikesari II son of Narasimha II and Jakavve
Wife : Revakanirmadi (daughter of Rashtrakuta Indra III 914 - 929)
He was the son of Narasimha II by queen Jakavve, probably a sister of Rashtrakuta emperor Indra III. He married Revakanimmadi, a daughter of Indra III and another Rashtrakuta princess named Lokambika.

His reign considered as golden period for Nizamabad and Karimnagar.

12th July, 940 AD : Chennur, Mancherial District.
This inscription is on a pillar near the dhvajastambha in the Siva temple, dated Saka 863, Sarvari, Sravana su. 5, Sunday=940 A.D., July 12. The Saka year was current. Seems to record a grant of an agrahara on the bank of the Godavari to Tammayya of Nanayuru by Baddega, son of Gunagarasa of the Chalukya family and a subordinate of Arikesari-arasa who is himself described as a scion of the Chalukya family and as feudatory of the Rashtrakuta king (Tribhuvanamalla-vamanta-chuda-mani).

c.958 - c.960 AD : Vagaraja
Ruled from Gangadhara as Capital
Patronized Somadevasuri, the author of Yasastilaka Champu who described the king as Pada-padmopajivi a worshipper of the feet of the Rashtrakuta king Krishna III. indicating the declining power of Vemulawada Chalukyas.

c.960 - c.965 AD : Bhadradeva / Baddega II
Ruled from Vemulawada as Capital
The bommalagutta region flourished as a center of Jainism during his rule.

c.965 - c.973 AD : Arikesari III son of Baddega II
Ruled from Vemulawada as a Vassal of Krishna III (939 - 967)
]

973 AD - 1158 AD : Western Chalukyas / Kalyani Chalukyas (973 AD - 1189 AD)
Founder : Tailapa II Capitals : Manyakheta, Kalyani (Basavakalyan in Bidar , Karnataka)

1158 AD - 1323 AD : Kakatiya Dynasty
Founder : Venna
Capitals : Anumakonda(Hanumakonda), Orugallu / Ekasilanagara (Warangal)
Languages : Telugu, Sanskrit, Kannada
Religion : Jainism, Hinduism (Saivism)
1199 AD : Allamprolaraja
During the time of mighty Kakatiya ruler , Ganapathi Deva , this part of the country was ruled by his vassal one Allum Prolaraju

26th December A.D. 1199 : Manthena, 
This inscription is on a pillar in the Hanuman temple near the tank called Tamma cheruvu. The record refers itself to the first regnal year of Kakatiya Ganapatideva. A chief named Allamprolaraja, who was ruling over Chennuridesa is stated to have made with the consent of the king Ganapatideva, a grant of land to Manchibhattopadyaya, the priest of the latter, the object of the grant being to enable the donee to construct a village and a tank in it. The gift land is stated to have been bounded by Godavari on the south. The donee Manchibhattopadhyaya accordingly founded a village and excavated a tank in the said land and gave house sites to brahmanas of Mantrakuta. He also installed temples for Kesavadeva and Mahadeva and gave a garden to the god Gopijanavallabha of Mantrakuta.


1323 AD - 1336 AD : Tughlaq Dynasty (1320 AD - 1413 AD)
1323 AD - 1325 AD : Ulug Khan or Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325 AD -1351 AD)
Ghiyasuddin Tughluq's son and general Ulugh Khan (Muhammad bin Tughluq) captured Warangal in 1323, Ulugh Khan himself took over the Governorship of what is now a new province of "Teling" (Telangana) in the Sultanate. Gannaya was captured and converted to Islam, given the name Malik Maqbul and found a place in the new regime. When Ulugh Khan left for Delhi soon afterwards, he left Warangal in the charge of Malik Maqbul. Ulugh Khan succeeded Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq as the new Sultan of Delhi under the name Muhammad bin Tughluq

1325 AD - 1336 AD : Malik Maqbul or Gona Gannaya III, was a commander of the Kakatiya Empire under Prataparudra (r. 1289–1323). Marana's Markandeya Puranamu (in Telugu) names him as "Gannavibhudu" and describes him as the commander (Kataka paludu) of Warangal Fort, the capital of Kakatiyas. The term Mala Devudu (meaning "Lord") implies that he was very high up in the hierarchy.

Kapaya Nayaka took control of Warangal from Malik Maqbul or Mala Yugandharudu in 1336 and thus also of a wider swathe of eastern Telangana that was governed from there.

1336 AD - 1368 AD : Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka (1333 AD - 1368 AD)
Kapaya Nayaka led a larger rebellion against the Tughluq rule, driving it out of Warangal in 1336. According to the Kaluvacheru grant of Anithalli, a female member of the Panta Reddi clan in 1423, Kapaya Nayaka was assisted by 75 Nayakas. The grant also states that Prolaya Vema Reddi was one among these 75 Nayakas.

Rachakonda Kingdom
1368 AD - 1383 AD : Anavotha nayaka (1361 AD - 1383 AD)
Capital : Rachakonda
Anapota I and Mada I attacked Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka for the control of Warangal fort, they defeated and killed him at Bhimavaram battle in 1368 AD.

Ainavolu sasanam of Anapotanayaka describes him in possession of Tribhuvanagiri(Bhongir), Orugallu and Singavaram forts and took the title of “Tribhuvana Rayarao’. With this victory his kingdom stretched upto Godavari in the North, Srisailam in the South, Bahamani kingdom in the West, and Kondaveedu in the East.

1383 AD - 1399 AD : Recherla Singama nayaka-II / Singabhupala-II
After Anapotanayaka his son Singamanedu II ascended the throne of Rachakonda. Singam Nayaka II was also known as “Sarvajna Singa Bhupala” and he was a great writer and poet.

Before coming to the throne he captured the fort of Kalyani in Gulbarga district. It appears that he went to Karnataka to help the Bahamani kings and took this fort during the campaign.

1399 AD -1421 AD : Recherla Anavotha nayaka-II 
After Singhabhupala II his son Immadi Anapotanayaka came to the throne in 1399 AD. He is also known as Kumara Anapotanayaka and Pinnamanayaka. He is a contemporary of the Bahamani sultan Firoz Shah. The burden of saving his kingdom from Bukkaraya fell on him. As per Velugotivari Vamsavali he saved 10,000 people from Metuku (Medak) Fort. It is possible that Bukkaraya went up to Medak fort victorious and laid seize to it and Anapotanayaka relieved and saved the garrison during this campaign.

1403 AD : Peddiraju Anantaraju, who was a vassal during reign of king Anapota-II 
Dyavanapalli Satyanarayana, who deciphered the inscription says that the ruler’s name in inscription is mentioned as Peddiraju Anantaraju, who was a vassal during reign of king Anapota-II who used to rule from Rachakonda in the present day Nalgonda district.Satyanarayana points out that even now people residing in the area have either Peddiraju or a modified form of the word, Peddi or Peddulu in their names. Name of the present priest in a famous temple located in the fort is Peddulu. 

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Runza or Runjha or Raunza or Runja

Runza  or Runjha or Raunza or Runja is a percussion musical instrument and a rare folk art from Telangana and it belongs to the Vishwakarma community, who take it as a sacred commitment. 

Avajamu, Dangaramu, Veeranamu are different synonyms for Ruza. A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater including attached or enclosed beaters or rattles struck, scraped or rubbed by hand or struck against another similar instrument.

Runja is a two-faced drum of the medieval times. It had a uniformly cylindrical body, 13½ inches long. Each face had a diameter of 8 inches, fitted with rings over the edge.

Brass ia also used in the making of Runza. Its height is about 3 or 3 1/2 feet. The upper part is covered with goats skin, eleven holes are made above and below and eleven chord are tightly tied all over so as to make a sling (utter in Telugu). The Runzas bend the instrument slantwise, press it firmly with knee and by pulling the strings with their hands and using slender bamboo sticks, produce musical notes rapidly.

There is a legend about the origin of Runza. According to that, Vishwakamra was requested to provide the drums for the marriage of Parvathi and Parmeshwara. Then Viswakarma killed the giant called Rounjaka, made a Runza out of his skin and produced 32 kinds of melodious notes by playing on it. Vishwakaram Puranam explains that the marriage and Parameshwara was conducted with that Runza only.

Runza troupe usually consists of six members. Two members out of six, play on Thalas (cymbals) and the other two members play on Ruza, the remaining two members play on Sonnai or Kommuburas

Carrying an ancient art form in their hearts and minds are these professional story tellers of Telangana. With the help of scrolls or music instruments, these families narrate tailor-made stories from epics and mythological tales to particular Telugu communities. Faced with starvation and uncertainty amidst the pandemic, these nomadic groups now want to be the last generation to live off telling stories. The art will not be passed on to our children, they will not suffer like we did- they say.


Amar Runja, is one of the handful musicians in the country today who can play this ferocious sounding instrument. He narrates the story of the God, Vishwakarma, who is believed to be the creator of the universe.






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Kollipaka or Kolanupaka

Kolanupaka is said to be known by different names in the past, Bimbavatipuram, Kottiyapaka, Kollihaka, Kollipaka and Kolanpak, Kollipakanadu is located in Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district.
Vikrama- ditya VI in 1076 who ruled for half a century in whose period Kollipaka enjoyed peaceful life . There are six inscriptions of this king in Kollipaka. During Vikramaditya VI's ( A.D. 1076-1126 ) reign , his son Somesvara governed many Mandalas of the kingdom with his headquarters at Kollipaka
Kollipaka was a great military centre and Jain centre too, Kumara Tailapa constructed a Jain temple at Kollipaka .

Kollipaka - 9000
Kollipaka-7000
Pembarthi 

Rashtrakutas
Ratta Dynasty (875-1250)
Ratta dynasty was a minor Indian dynasty who ruled over the Belagavi region of modern Karnataka as a branch of Rashtrakutas and it is held by some authorities that the Rattas were Raddis ( Kan . Radderu ) . It is certain that they still claim descent from Hem Ratti , who , in their tradition, was the son of Kudavakkal and brother of Kurupi. The Raddis speak Kanarese, but some use Telugu as their home tongue.

846 AD - 888 AD : Sankarganda I
Jaffarghad, Warangal District.This inscription is inscribed on a rock-wall of the tank near the Narasimhaswamy temple on the hill (Velpugonda). The inscription is composed in beautiful Kannada verses of the 10th century A.D. It begins with the description of the general Panara of the Rashtrakuta lineage, possessing garuda lanchhana. Certain Sankaraganda of this line of chiefs is said to have constructed the tank on the hill Velpugonda. There is a mention of the king Amoghavarsha Nrupatunga I (r. 814 – 878 CE), of the main Rashṭrakuta line.

25th September, 846 AD : Mallikarjuna Palli, Sadasivpet Taluk, Medak.
This inscription is on a slab in front of Mallikarjuna temple of the village. This inscription was badly worn out and damaged. It registers the gift of 12 marttars of land and one marttar of wetland as per rajamana, to the temple of Isvara of Piriya Pippari, by Kommana, lord of Panuravadi - 27000 while Sankaraganda was administering the area, after washing the feet of the priest Bankeya and another marttar of wetland in the same gramam as Siddhaya. It also registers the gift of land to the Jinalaya of Munipalle by Permmanadi Devaraya of Pippari. Vasudeva bhatara of Munipalle was the engraver.

888 AD : An inscription belonging to 888 AD was found on a rock at Mettugutta hillock at Kazipet. An archaeology and history enthusiast Sunil Samudrala found the inscription in Telugu script under the feet of an idol of the 15th Jain Tirthankara Dharmanatha, also known as Jino Brahama.

Many ruined Jain temples or shrines and sculptures can be seen in Warangal, Hanmakonda, Kazipet and Madikonda as evidence of the influence of Jainism.

He said a Jain temple/shrine known as ‘Jaina Basadi’ was also identified at Mettugutta. It is said that many Jaina Basadis were built by Mahamandaleshwarudu Shankaragandaras of Kolanupaka during Rashtrakuta rulers period (753 AD – 982 AD).

Chalukyas of Kalyana (973 AD - 1163 AD)
Kolanupaka, Yadadri Bhuvanagiri District.
Feudatories of Western Chalukyas
Haihaya ChiefsChanda
Nimba
Allapuli
Chanda bhupalaka II

913 AD - 972 AD: Ayyana or Ayyanayya (Nurmadi Dhavala) and Gommarasa I
913 AD : Padaturu, Nalgonda
This Kannada inscription, engraved on a pillar, set up in front of Ramalingesvarasvami temple, belongs to the reign of Rashtrakuta king Nityavarsha (Khottiga or Amoghavarsha IV (r. 967–972 CE). It refers to mahasamanta Nurmadi dhavala and to his subordinate chief Gommarasa, who was administering Kollipaka nadu-7000 division. Dated Saka 835, Srimukha (A.D 913), it registers the grant of several lands along with income from tax siddhaya by Chamangamunda, son of Aydamayya, to the temple raised by the former. Aydamayya is stated to have been ruling over Padaturu.

Nurmadi Tailapa II claimed descent from the earlier Chalukyas of Vatapi (Badami), and initially ruled as a Rashtrakuta vassal from the Tardavadi-1000 province in the modern Bijapur district of Karnataka. When the Rashtrakuta power declined following an invasion by the Paramara king Siyaka, Tailapa overthrew the Rashtrakuta king Karka II, and established a new dynasty.

972 AD : Manthapuri, Bhuvanagiri
This inscription is on a stone pillar near the old temple near the tank outside the village. The record does not refer to any overlord. Certain Maha-Samantadhipati named Ayyanayya, who bears the titles, Ranadhira, Nurmadi-dhavala, Nanniya-Meru etc., is stated to have made a gift of garden, and lands according to Rajamana to the deity Ranadhiresvara, obviously, installed after his own title by Kuchi [Go]ravaru in the village Manthapura. The aruvana of the land for the two crops is twenty pons.

972 AD - 979 AD : Santivarmarasa
There is only one inscription in the Volume (No. 18) which belongs to the reign of Taila II, the founder of the later family of the Chalukyas, known to students of history as the Chalukyas of Kalyana. It is dated in A.D. 980 and mentions the Ratta feudatory Mahasamanta Santivarmarasa

979 AD : Korapara Revarasa
24th December 979 AD : Sitaramapalli, Gazwel Taluk, Medak District.
This inscription is inscribed in the field of Sri Narasayya called Akkalaguddam. This inscription records the gift of the income viz., Siddhaya of 125 gadyanas and bhatta of 120 visas out wet land (Khandugas) to the Brahmanas of Velura included within the Baliya Ravipola by Revarasa in confirmation of the earlier grant made by certain Sankaraganda. Baliya Ravipola is said to have been included in the Medaku 366. The Brahmanas are 8 Prabhus and 100 Mahajanas. The queen was also mentioned among the other executors of the gift. The names of the witnesses were mentioned. 

1015 AD : Rajendra Chola of Chola dynasty killed Ayyana II (1014 AD -1015 AD) in battle and occupied Kollipaka region.
Jayasimha II (1015 - 1042 AD) also known as Jagadhekamalla I and Mallikamoda
Jayasimha II fought with cholas and recaptured kollipaka region.

1027 AD - 1032 AD : Revarasa
Mūradi Gaṇḍa was the title of Rēvarasa thus taking him to be the son of Chanda II

Mahasamanta Dandanatha Rebbarasa mentioned in a record of A.D. 1027
1032 AD - 1042 AD : Nannapaya
1032 AD : Kolanupaka This record in Kannada range in data from Saka 954 (A.D. 1032) in the reign of Jagadekamalla (Jayasimha) refers to an endowment of the village Gadicheruvu included in Anemargge-70 by the king's maneverggade Nannapaya for offerings to the god Nanni- Narayana.
1033 AD : Kolanupaka.
4th January A.D. 1033 : Telugu and Kannada.
This inscription is on a stone in the Chandikamba temple. It seems that a certain Nanni Kamiyavve, gave a gift of land as Sarvanamasya to the god Gadicherumula in Akemarga-70.

Kolanupaka : This inscription is on a stone in the temple of Chandikamba. States that, while the Chalukya emperor Jagadekamalladeva was ruling the kingdom of the earth, his Manevarggada Nannapayya seems to have made some gift to the temple of Chandikamba. The priest Srita Chandradeva is stated to have been the manager of the temple.

1040 AD : Mahasamanta Bikkarasa of Kollipaka15th February, 1040 AD : Akkaram, Gazvel
This inscription is on a pillar set up in the Mosque. The inscription records the gift of gadde land measuring 1000 marttars in the village Baliya Kurumariya-36 to Jnanesvara Pandita, after washing his feet at the instance of certain Ballavarasa, towards repairs and daily rites of the temple by Ayvabadevi, wife of mahasamanta Bikkarasa of Kollipaka.

1042 AD - 1054 AD : Kommanayya or Kommanayyarasa10th July, 1046 AD : Kolanupaka, Bhuvanagiri
This inscription on the pillars dug out from the main street in the village. Seems to record the remission of taxes (?) by the settis, gamundas and the prajes of Kollipake while mahamandalesvara Kommanayyarasa was ruling over Kollipake-7000.

March 10. 1047 AD : Kolanupaka.
This inscription is in Kannada prose dated Saka 696 Vyaya, Chaitra Sukla 11, Monday. The Saka year does not agree with Vyaya but it tallies with Sarvajit. The week day also differs in both cases. However, it roughly corresponds to A.D. 1047, March 10, when Saka 969 is taken.

The inscription belongs to the reign of Chalukya Trailokyamalla as ruling from Kollapura and refers to his feudatory Mahamandalesvara Kommanayya as administering Kollipaka-7,000. The main contents of the grant portion are damaged.

1047 AD : Kolanupaka
Of the inscriptions of Somesvara, the earliest, dated Saka 968, records a remission of taxes by Kommanayyarasa, who ruled over Kollipake-7000 division; the next, dated Saka 969 (A.D. 1047), records a gift of income on the levy on salt (lavana) for the upkeep of a tank by the 'six settis' and 'one hundred and twenty' nagaras, obviously of Kollipake.

1064 AD : Buddharasa
27th August,1064 AD : Kolanupaka, Bhuvanagiri Mandal. : Western Chalukya
The inscription refers to the prosperous reign of Chalukya Trailokyamalladeva, ruling from Kalyana and introduces his subordinate Mahamandalesvara Buddharasa, who bears a string of titles. At his instance his minister Pergade Kavanayya is stated to have given certain privileges with regard to the collection of dues in the amgadi in favour of certain Kalapasetti.

1034 AD - 1077 AD: Aggalarasa or Ganga Permanadi Aggeyarasa

1034 AD : S. 956 Saidapur record mentions Aggalarasa, and expert in medicine and surgery

1050 AD : Kolkuru : Dated Saka 972 the inscription registers some gift by Pampa Pennmanadi on the occasion of Pattoddhati of the Yuvaraja Bijjarasa while Trailokyamalladevarasa was ruling the kingdom

1067 AD Koteya Bhimarasa
1067 AD : Somesvara inscription dated Saka 973 (A.D. 1051) refers to the king as ruling from Payithana. Two more epigraphs of this king, dated Saka 986 and 989, mention respectively his feudatories Buddha- varasa and Koteya Bhimarasa, of whom the latter, bearing the epithet Manya- katakapuravaresvara, is stated to have been the governor of Kollipake-7000.

30th April 1067 AD : Kolanupaka, Bhuvanagiri
This inscription is on a stone slab in the ceiling of the Chandika shrine. The inscription refers to the prosperous reign of the Chalukya king Trailokyamalladeva. His subordinate Mahamandalesvara Kote Bhimarasar who bears a string of titles, is stated to have made the gift of all the minor taxes of the devabhoga village Gadicheruvu included in Mandhenapura-70 to the god Sri Svayambhu Somesvara and Nanninarayana Vishnudeva of the capital Kollipaka, while he was governing the province of Kollipaka-7000. Bhimarasar bears the title Dhanyakatakapuravaresvara, the Lord of the town of Dhanyakataka, which is identifiable with the famous Dharanikota near Amaravati. His other epithets are Gandabherunda, [chi?]dpuli- vadhu-mangalasutra-harana, Chamundaraya-Chanura Murantaka, Kaligada mogadakai, Siddhi Cholamrigasardüla, Mallachola mastaka sula, etc. This Bhima is probably Bhima I of the Kota family of Dharanikota. It is note-worthy that he joined the service of the Chalukya king Trailokyamalla and fought against the Cholas in the coastal region.

1065 AD - 1077 AD : Asagarasa
8th September, 1065 AD : Mulugu, Gazvel Taluk, Medak.
Asagarasar, bearing the title Kollipakeyagova.
This inscription is on a pillar near the Panchayat office. The inscription seems to confer the office of the headmenship on Kati raddi and Mini raddi in the presence of the Mahajanas of Baliya Molugu-30 falling within Chandanapura-1000 by Raviyaparaja, the ruler. The names of witnesses are mentioned.

22nd October,1067 AD : Kolanupaka.This inscription is on the Jayastambha near the stream. It states that, while the Chalukya emperor Trailokyamalladeva was ruling the kingdom from the nelevidu of Samparavadi and his subordinate Mahasara Amilarasa was governing the Kollipaka-7,000, the karanams headed by Perggada Appanaya and Rabbisetti of Navapura settled the details of tala vritti granted by the emperor, by means of copper plate charter to Mahasamanta Sankaraganda of the Rashtrakuta family for the Ravundaya basadi built by him. The inscription is damaged and the details of the tala vritti described in it are not quite intelligible.

1067 AD : Asagesvara in Chilkuru the capital town of Umabalika 70 by Mahamandalesvara , Asagamarasa of the Ratta lineage . Governor of Kollipaka 2100 and Sabbi 1000 and gifts of a garden and 100 mattars of land by him for Nritya , geeta , feeding

1074 AD : Sangamarasa
1074 AD : Kolanupaka, Bhuvanagiri
This inscription is on the pillar dug out from the main street in the village, dated S. 996, Ananda, Uttarayana samkranti (A.D. 1074). Registers a gift of one matter of land to the brahmana Surayya by mahamandalesvara Sangamarasa who bears among others the epithet Lattalurpuravaresvara.

24th December, 1074 AD : Kolanupaka : Kannada
This inscription in Kannada prose is one of the few in which the name of the King is omitted. It is dated Saka 996 Ananda Uttarayana Samkranti (A.D. 1074 December 24, Wednesday).

24th December, 1074 AD : Kolanupaka : Kannada
This inscription in Kannada prose is one of the few in which the name of the King is omitted. It is dated Saka 996 Ananda Uttarayana Samkranti (A.D. 1074 December 24, Wednesday).

2nd March, 1075 AD : Kolanupaka.
Bhuvanaika Malladeva, Somesvara II
This inscription is on a stone lying near the Boddu Rayi in the village. States that, while the Chalukya emperor, Bhuvanaikamalladeva was ruling the kingdom of the earth from the nelevidu Bankapura, his subordinate Mahamandalesvara Asagamarasa, the governor of Kollipaka-7000 who bears among others, the titles of Rattaradheya and Lattalurpuravaresvara granted to Trailokyamalla Rebbi Setti of Kollipaka, the capital (rajadhani), the setti-sumka of that place, the house-site in front of the Kotthara pertaining to the domain of the Chief (arasa- samya) the house-site in front of the palace and Jagatigere.

1077 AD : Asagarasa No. 12 dated April 1077- overlord's name missing.

1077 AD around 3 months : Eruva Tondaya
8th May, 1077 AD : Kolanupaka, Bhuvanagiri
This inscription is on a pillar in the museum within the compound of the Somesvara temple. Records a gift of forty sheep for a perpetual lamp to god Somesvaradeva of Kollipake by Eruva Tondarasa, De[ma]rasa and Kamana

Kolanupaka, Bhuvanagiri Mandal.
This inscription is on two lintels of the small Nandi mandapa in the Museum. One single inscriptional pillar has been vertically broken into two pieces for the purpose of two lintels of the mandapa. The inscription is very important in deciding the commencement of Tribhuvanamalla's reign. This date is some day in April A.D. 1077. The following number of Eruva Tondaya is dated in May A.D. 1077, and it does not mention the overlord. Its next number in 14, of Sankaragandarasa dated in August of the same year mentions Tribhuvanamalla as overlord. Surprisingly the present record belongs to [Asa]gamarasa, with the same titles as of No. 14, but dated earlier than that of Tondaya. How this Choda chief came in between the two records in Nos. 12 and 14 at the same place probably belonging to the chief of the same family within a gap of just three-four months is not known.

1077 AD - 1081 AD: Sankaragandarasa
27th August and 3rd September, A.D. 1077 : Kolanupaka.
This inscription in Kannada prose is dated Saka 999 Pingala, Bhadrapada Shukla Adivara. The tithi is not mentioned. There are two Sundays in that fortnight, August 27 and September 3 of A.D. 1077.
While Chalukya Tribhuvanamalla was ruling at Kalyana his feudatory mahamandalesvara Sankaragandarasar who was attributed with titles as Lattalurpuravaresvara, Ratta martanda, Kollipakeya gova etc., ordered all the merchant guilds at Kollipaka to pay taxes at the rate of one gadyana for each shop per annum for the enjoyment of Perggada Kavanayya and other karanams.
It is evident from the titles that Sankaragandarasar belonged to a Rashtrakuta family.

Asagarasa No. 12 dated April 1077- overlord's name missing.
Eruva Tondaya No. 13 dated 8th May 1077- overlord not mentioned.
Sankaragandarasa No. 14 dated 27 August 1077, overlord Tribhuvanamalla.

1081 AD : Kamarasar
Parichhedi chiefs of Guntur claim in their records that they were installed originally by Trinayana Pallava.
24th December, 1081 AD : Kolanupaka, Bhuvanagiri
This inscription is on a huge stone pillar lying near boddu rayi in the village. The inscription in Kannada poetry and prose, begins with the eulogy of the Chaļukya kings Trailokyamalla, son of Jagadekamalla and former son, Vikramaditya Tribhuvanamalladeva. The latter's subordinate was Kamarasar, son of Pandanripa of the Durjaya family. Panda's father is said to have been Ganda whose father again was Panda. Thus the lineage of Kamarasar, is Panda-Ganda-Panda and Kama. It is interesting to note that similar names occur in the genealogy of the Parichhedi chiefs of the coastal region who also claim to have been born in the family of Durjaya. It is further interesting to notice that the Parichhedi chiefs designate themselves as the lords of Kollipaka-7000 region (SII. IV- 986 and 1106). The present record states that Kamarasa obtained Kollipaka-7000 from the emperor Tribhuvanamalla through a copper plate grant, probably during the same year i.e. C.V.6. Therefore it is not unlikely that Kama of the present record might have been one of the ancestors of the Parichhedi chiefs. He is said to have defeated the kings of Utkala, Kerala, Kalinga, Dravila and Magadha, obviously participating in the expeditions of his overlord, over those countries.

The present inscription registers the grant of Manugalu (village) as sarvanamasya to the Saiva ascetic Srikantha pandita, disciple of Isanasakti-pandita, again a disciple of Gokarnarasipandita of the Bhujangavali sect. Srikantha-pandita is said to have been a great scholar in several branches of learning like Tarka, Vyakarana etc. This and the inscription at Charda are identical except for the description of the Saiva ascetics Srikantha pandita and his preceptors who are not mentioned in the Charda record.

1082 AD : Gundamayya
19th May A.D. 1082. : Kolanupaka.
This inscription is on a stone in the field of the Gollas. States that, while the Chalukya emperor Tribhuvanamalladeva was ruling the kingdom of the earth from the nelevidu of Kalyana, mahapradhana Maneverggada Dandanayaka Gundamayya who bears among others the titles of Chalukya-rama Rajya Lakshmi Latavarddhana and Saraswati-kucha kalasakalita- vyakta muktabharana, made at the command of Lakshmadevi, a gift of certain sumka, in Burugapalli, the bhatta-grama of Punniya Raddi, the Saudhara of Kollipakke-7000 in C.V.7 Dundubhi, Jyeshtha ba.5 Adivara. This date is irregular for Jyeshtha ba.5 corresponds to Thursday not Sunday. The date intended seems to be Thursday, 19th May, A.D. 1082.

1088 AD - 1097 AD : Tondaya II Chola Maharaja24 December 1088 AD : Kolanupaka, Bhuvanagiri
This inscription dated C.V.E. 13, Vibhava, Uttarayana Samkranti. (A.D. 1088, Dec. 24 ?) It records the gift of the land and other gifts to the God Uttar vara by the king's feudatory Mahamandalesvara Tondarasa Chola Maharaja of Kanduru, of the solar race and Karikala lineage who was ruling Kollipaka seven thousand. The inscription gives the Spiritual lineage of Kalamukha monk Ramesvara Pandita into whose hands the gift was made. The lineage is traced from Ramesvara Pandita I, his disciple Devabhakti Pandita, Kadaresvara Pandita and Ramesvara Pandita II. The gift was made for the anga bhoga and Rangabhoga of the god, the maintenance of the students studying there and a satra.

25th December, A.D. 1091 Thus in all we have four records of Tondaya-Chola maharaja, dates ranging from the Chalukya Vikrama years 12-16 (1088-92 A.D.).

1091 AD : An unpublished epigraph from Panugallu dated C.V. 15 set up by Bhima's eldest son Tondaya registers some vrittis granted by him to a brahman who carried the ashes of his father Kandūru Bhima Chōda to Ganga for immersing them in that holy river.

States that while the Chalukya Emperor Vikramaditya-VI was ruling, his feudatory mahamandalesvara Kanduri Tondaya Chola Maharaja, Lord of Kodurupura administering authority over Kollipaka-7000, made a gift to the temple of the God Vishnu, towards the anga and ranga bhogas of the God. It also states that previously a gift was made, on S.954, Angirasa, Ashadha, ba:15, Monday, (A.D. 1032) to the God Mallinatha, by Jagadekamalladeva. The gift consisted of 20 tanks, in Anemargo, situated in Kollipaka-7000 as free from all encumbrances. There is another incomplete record on the same slab which contains the prasasti of Amanaverggade Nannapayya, who was the Mahamatya of Jagadekamalla

Kolanupaka, Bhuvanagiri
Tribhuvanamalla ruling from Kalyana
Records a gift of the village Rachervu in Kodada-12 for worship and offerings to god Vishnudeva by Tondayachodamaharaja of Kanduru, who was ruling over Kollipake-7000. The contents are repeated again in a verse at the end.

1097 AD : Kolanupaka : This damaged inscription refers to the reign of the Western Chalukya king Tribhuvanamalla Vikramaditya VI. The details of the date are missing.

It introduces the king’s feudatory Mahamandalesvara Tondaya Choladevamaharaja, of the solar race and Karikala’s lineage, lord of the foremost town of Kolur, who was ruling the province of the Kollipake-Seven-Thousand.

Udayachoda I (Kandur), Bhimachoda III (Kandur/Vardhamanapuram), Gokarnachoda I (Panugallu) are the sons of Tonda II.

1097 AD - 1098 AD : Kalachuri Chiddarasa
1097 AD : Kolanupaka, Bhuvanagiri
This inscription is on a stone near the Somesvara temple. The record refers to the prosperous reign of Chalukya Tribhuvanamalladeva ruling from Kalyana. His subordinate dandanayaka Chiddarasar ruling Kollipaka-7000 is stated to have granted the village Baliya Pakugutu, situated in Kodada-12 for the amga-bhoga and ramga-bhoga of the god Somesvara. Some other gift is also recorded at the end for a perpetual lamp to the same deity. Seems to be incomplete.

25th December 1098 AD: Kolanupaka Inscription Registers a gift of the village Pakugunte situated in Kodada-12 free of all taxes to god Somesvara of Kollipake by heri-eandai-vigrahi dandanayaka Chiddarasa who was ruling over Kollipike-7000. Records also another gift of house for a perpetual lamp to the same day by a certain Somarasa.

1104 AD : Kanduru Bhimana Choda Maharaja
31st December, 1104 AD : Kolanupaka.
This inscription is on a stone slab in the fields. It states that, while Chalukya emperor Tribhuvanamalladeva was ruling the ever increasing prosperous kingdom from the nelevidu of Kalyana, Kanduru Bhimana Choda Maharaja of the lineage of Karikala Kasyapa-gotra granted lordship over Bhaditippaparti included in Cheraku-70 included in the Irrama-300, of Kanduru- 1100 bada, making it agrahara to Kavaliya Brahmadevayya. The inscription bears at the end signatures of (1) Kavaliya Brahmadevayya, (2) Rajadhyaksha Jogadevayya (3) Sarvadhyaksha Peggada Komanayya and (4) Peggada Irugamayya.

1104 AD - 1107 AD: Paramara JagaddevaSomala of the Mahishapurapala family (probably the dynasty of Mahishapura kings), who was the son of Sadiga and grandson of Simhavarman and was serving Jagaddeva as Mahamatya Mahasandhivigrah in Mahaprachanda dandanayaka.

13th March 1104 AD : This lengthy inscription in Sanskrit verse describes the Paramara rulers of Malava whose primaeval ancestor was born in the sacrificial fire of the sage Vasistha near the Arbuda mountain. A later king of this family was Udayaditya whose son was Jagaddeva. This prince endeared himself to the great Chalukya emperor Tribhuvanamalla Vikramaditya VI who treated him as his own son. While Jagaddeva was governing the province a Mahamandalesvara, the king's general Somala Dandanayaka holding the designations, Great Minister and High officer in charge of Peace and war, constructed the temple of Jagaddeva Narayana in his capital Kollipaka for the prosperity of the kingdom.
The epigraph is dated the Chalukya Vikrama year 29, Tarana, Chaitra purnima, Sunday, lunar eclipse. This date regularly corresponds to A.D. 1104, March 13. On this day Jagaddeva granted with the king`s approval the village Piriya Pembariti for worship and offerings, etc. in the above temple hen we are told about the city of Mahitapura (probably Mahisapura) and the subordinate chief Somala of the Mahishapurapala family (probably the dynasty of Mahishapura kings), who was the son of Sãdiga and grandson of Simhavarman and was serving Jagaddeva as Mahamatya Mahasandhivigrah in Mahaprachanda dandanayaka. This Somala made provisions for the maintenance, worship and for repair etc., of the temple called Jagaddeva Narayanapura built at Kollipakapura (i.e. Kolanupaka in the Nalgonda District) which was the place of his residence and his rajyadhisthana, i.e. the headquarters of his estate. The inscription is dated in the year 29 of the Chalukya-Vikrama era, the cyclic year Tarana, Sunday the full moon of Chaitra, on the occasion of a lunar eclipse. The date regularly corresponds to the 13th March, 1104 A.D. The gift land was made a sarvanamasya deva-bhoga apparently for the merit of both Vikramaditya VI and Jagaddeva.

6th April, 1106 AD : Kolanupaka, Bhuvanagiri
Telugu and Kannada. This inscription is on a stone pillar unearthed. The record introduces the prince Jagaddeva who is said to have been the son of Udayaditya and grandson of Gondala of the Paramara line in which great kings like Sri Harsha, Munja, Sindala, Bhojadeva and others were born.

8th April A.D. 1106 AD : Kolanupaka.
This inscription is in Sanskrit verse and prose. It is dated Chalukya Vikrama year (3) 1 Vyaya, Vaisakha Sukla Aksha trtiya (3), Sunday (A.D. 1106 April, 8).

Jagaddeva of the Paramara dynasty set up this inscription. It gives some valuable details regarding his arrival to these parts from his native town Dhara. He was brought by Tribhuvanamalla (Vikramaditya VI) from Dhara after the latter's conquest over those parts and appointed him as Mahamandalesvara of Kollipaka, seven thousand. Jagaddeva granted a village named Goshtipadu to the god Brahmesvara installed by Brahmadeva Nayaka son of Dhakkana Nayaka at Bhuvanagiri which was a fort belonging to the King (Vallabhasya durga sthani bhute) for the maintenance of anga ranga bhogas etc., to the god and for feeding the ascetics residing probably in a matha attached to the temple and engaged in the study of Vedas.

1107 AD - 1126 AD : Kumara Somesvara
mahapradhana banasaverggade Anantapala dandanayaka.
Mahapradhani : Kailasarasa, Asigarasa
Dandanayakas : Kalimayya, Tikkapayya

7th July, 1107 AD : This inscription is on a broken stone pillar lying in the Mukha mandapa of Somesvara temple. It is mentioned in the record that Suryagrahana (solar eclipse) was the occasion of the gift. But the tithi being Purnima and that a lunar eclipse occurred on that day, the mention of solar eclipse seems to be an oversight by the composer or scribe.

The record is partly damaged. It seems to record that Kumara Somesvara made some gifts to the Parshwanath Jinalaya in the village of Chappaliya, Timtrini-gachchha, Kranurgana and Padmanandi Siddhantadeva are mentioned.

25th December 1107 AD : Kolanupaka
Tribhuvanamalla, ruling from Kalyanapura.
Registers the gift of income derived from the taxes vattaparikaya, and kavalidere of the village Piriya-Pembariti belonging to the temple and situated in Holalu-12 for worship and offerings to god Jagaddeva-narayana by mahapradhana banasaverggade Anantapala- dandanayaka.


1108 AD : This inscription is in the Somesvara temple. The inscription refers to the prosperous reign of the Chalukya king Tribhuvanamalla ruling from Kalyana and introduces his minister Banasaverggede Dandanayaka Anantapala. His officer Kirvvatleya-Voddaravula-dabbu pannaya named Gopatiyayya is stated to have made the gift of one Ganda Dwipa (perpetual lamp) to the god Somesvara of Kollipaka included in his area. The merchant guild of the place had made the gift of some levy on the amgadis or shops.

1109 AD : Kolanupaka, Bhuvanagiri
This inscription is on the foundation stone of the temple. This record seems to have been set up by Kumara Somesvara, on the said date, probably during his first stay at Kollipaka, replacing Jagaddeva of the Paramara family. His antahpuraverggede is stated to have made some gift. The prince Gangapermadi (Kumara Somesvara) is attributed with the conquest of the countries of Chola, Pamchala, Malava, Chera, Gurjara and Simhala.

Kolanupaka Inscription States that while Tribhuvanamalla was ruling, his son Kumara Somesvara, was exercising authority over Kolipaka-7000, when, Sandhivigrahi Dandanayaka Kalimayya, at the request of Asagarasa made a gift of 12 mas of gadde land to the west of Jagaddhu narayanapura, in Ramakkeri, to the temple of Mallikarjuna, built by Dandanayaka Tikamayya.

Mahamandalesvara Kailasarasa of Tardavadi and a subordinate of Subhatungadeva . We known that the epithet subhatungideva was characteristic of the Imperial Rashtrakutas

29th October 1110 AD : Kolanupaka
This inscription in Kannada prose, is dated Chalukya Vikrama year 35 Vikriti, Kartika Sukla 15, lunar eclipse (A.D. 1110 October 29th, Saturday night Lunar eclipse).
It records that while Chalukya Tribhuvanamalla was ruling his son Kumara Somesvara had granted two mattars of wetland to Aditya Bhatta Somayaji on the occasion of the lunar eclipse, in the presence of mahapradhani Kailyarasa in the Kolipaka Nadu.
Prince Somesvara is mentioned with Western Ganga titles which probably indicate that he descended on his mother's side from the royal family of the Western Gangas.

Kolanupaka :12th December A.D. 1111 : Telugu and Kannada
The inscription begins with the usual prasasti of the Chalukya king Tribhuvanamalla and introduces his son Kumara Somesvara with all his titles. His dandanayaka Kalimayya, requesting his master, is said to have granted three mattars of wetland near the Ramal tank, to the west of Jagaddeva Narayana-manya, to the god Mallikarjuna, installed by his brother Tikkapayya, who was also a dandanayaka at Kollipaka. He also granted another 3 mattars of wetland to Brahmesvara deva installed by his son-in-law Brahmadeva-nayaka.

June, 1112 AD : Kolanupaka, Bhuvanagiri
This inscription in Sanskrit verse and prose belongs to Chalukya Kumara Somesvara. It is dated Chalukya Vikrama year 37, Nandana, Dakshinayana Samkranti (A. D. 1112 June).

It begins with the invocation to the bore-incarnate of Vishnu. Then follows the description of Ahavamalla and his son Tribhuvanamalla Somesvara, the latter's son, is introduced with all his epithets and said to be the lord of Kollipaka desa. He granted ten nivartanas of wetland at the big canal-head of the big tank in the village Nellutu in Kaluvi cheda-forty to Kesavabhattopadhyaya of Sandilya gotra and son of Mayura nayaka on the occasion of Dakshinayana Samkranti. Two more grants were also made by him on the same occasion: one of ten nivartanas of land at the canal-head of the small tank in the village Vaddagi cheruvu to Golanabhattopadhyaya of Harita gotra and the other, consisting of ten nivartanasin the same Nellutu village to Vamanabhatta of Bharadvaja gotra. Each of the three individuals was also granted forty nivartanas of dry land and two house sites in the respective villages.

The inscription refers to the prosperous reign of the king Chalukya Tribhuvanamalladeva, and introduces the prince Kumara Somesvara, who bears a string of titles and is stated to have made a gift of ten mattars of niru-nela (wetland) to the brahmana named Adityabhatta Somayaji, on the occasion of the lunar eclipse. Another gift of 12 mattars in Gomdura of Kollipaka-nadu and 12 mattars in Ittakayala village, included in Kollipaka- 1000 as paramesvaradatti Mahapradhana Sandhi vigrahi dandanayaka Kalimarasar executed the order.

March 24, 1125 AD: Kolanupaka - It registers gift of the village Panupura to the goddess Ambika of the locality Ambaratilaka, situated in his capital Kollipake by Mahamandalesvara Chalukya Ganga- permadi Kumara Somesvara at the request of Sayimayya, army-commander of Kollipake-Two- Thousand. The goddess Ambika must be the Sasanadevata of the Jaina Tirthankara Neminatha. A mighty general of Somesvara was Svamideva or Sayimayya Dandanayaka.

Udayachoda II (1136 AD - 1178 AD) and Muppana Nayaka
Kolanupaka, Bhuvanagiri
Fragmentary. Records a gift of fifty sheep for a perpetual lamp obviously to god Somesvara by Muppama-nayaka, a servant of Udayana Choda-maharaja. Also records similar gifts for perpetual lamps by other individuals whose names however are not clear.

Varmayya
Kolanupaka, Bhuvanagiri
Jagadekamalla II (1138 - 1158 AD)
The inscription is copied from five fragmentary pieces. The date portion is missing Palaeographically it may be assigned to 12th century A.D. i.e to the reign of Jagadekamalla II. His Dandanayaka, certain Varmayya seems to have made some gift of land measuring 300 mattars on the occasion of the installation of some deity, certain dikshaguru (Pampa) Permanadigalu is said to have made the gift of 3 mattars of land and one mattar of flower garden. Some other gifts are also stated.

Paricchedis
The Pericchedis are also mentioned as vassals of the Chalukyas. According to V. Rama Chandra Rao, they were connected to the ancient Chedi. The Pericchedis had two branches, with Kollipaka and Bezawada their capitals. Paricchedis had the title Kollipakapuravarādhisvara

Paricchedis were staunch patrons of Hindu Dharma in contrast to the Chalukyas, who initially were patrons of Jainism.

Paricchedis of Kollipaka, the Chagis of Gudimetta and the Paliavas of Guntur mentioned in their records that Trilochana Paliava

It is believed that Vishnukundina Madhava Varma along with members of the other three gotras conquered the Salankayanas and established their rule. Some of the feudal kingoms of this time were the Kotas, Chagis, and Paricchedi. The Paricchedis Kings were ancestors of the Pusapati royal family who built Bezawada (Modern Vijayawada) off the river Krishna by 626 AD and another capital in Kollipaka establishing themselves for nine centuries there. They are considered to be descendants of one of the earliest Maharana’s of Mewar, who migrated to south during 7th century. They were staunch patrons of Hindu Dharma in contrast to the Chalukyas, who initially were patrons of Jainism.

1279 AD : Nissamka Poti Nayaka
27th December A.D. 1279 : Kolanupaka, Bhuvanagiri
The inscription after the invocation of the gods Varaha, Ganesa and moon, introduces the line of kings called Durjayas, born from the shoulder of Brahma. In that line of Durjaya, were born the Kakatiya kings, Prola and his son [Rudra] and his younger brother Mahadeva. His son was Ganapatideva, whose daughter was Rudradevi. Her husband was Virabhadra. To Mahadeva, the elder [brother of Virabhadra] of the Chalukya family was born Indusekhara. His lemka, a subordinate, was Nissamka Potinayaka whose parents were Machinayaka and Madachi. The inscription, afterwards states that Potinayaka caused a canal called Vamsavardhana - kulya to be dug and that Indusekhara made a gift of thirty nivartanas (of land) for the worship of the god Somanatha.
Poti Nayaka and Proli Nayaka fought fiercely against Kalinga Vira Bhanudeva I, son and successor of Narasimha I,and his accomplices Arjuna Deva, the Matsya chief of Oddadi and others, inflicting a crushing defeat on them.
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