Kolanupaka (Kollipaka) History and Significance

Kolanupaka, also known as Kollipaka, Bimbavatipuram, Kottiyapaka, Kollihaka, Kollipaka, Kolanpak, and Kollipakanadu, is located in Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district.

Kollipaka served as an important administrative and military center under the Rashtrakutas (753 AD – 982 AD) and the Kalyani Chalukyas (973 AD – 1163 AD). The Rashtrakutas had their main capital at Manyakheta (Malkhed), while the Western Chalukyas ruled from Kalyani (Basavakalyan). Kollipaka functioned as a regional center governed by Mahamandalesvaras and feudatories.

Rashtrakuta Period

The Ratta Dynasty (875-1250), a branch of the Rashtrakutas ruling over Belagavi (modern Karnataka), administered parts of this region. They are believed to descend from Hem Ratti and spoke Kannada, with some using Telugu.

• 846–888 AD: Sankarganda I administered areas including Jaffarghad, Warangal.
• 25th September, 846 AD: Land grants at Mallikarjuna Palli, Medak.
• 888 AD: Jain inscription at Mettugutta hillock, Kazipet.

Many ruined Jain temples, shrines, and sculptures exist in Warangal, Hanmakonda, Kazipet, and Madikonda, reflecting the influence of Jainism. The Jain temple/shrine known as Jaina Basadi at Mettugutta was attributed to Mahamandaleshwarudu Shankaragandaras during the Rashtrakuta period.

Chalukyas of Kalyani (Western Chalukyas)

The Kalyani Chalukyas ruled from 973 AD to 1163 AD with their main capital at Kalyani (Basavakalyan). Kollipaka became a significant administrative and military center governed by feudatories and Mahamandalesvaras.

1015 - 1027 CE : Rajendra Chola

Chola army sent by Rajendra-chola I to help his nephew Rajaraja I defeated Jayasimha II at Musangi in 1020-21 A.D occupies Kollipaka; Jayasimha II recaptures it.

1027 - 1032 CE : Nannapaya

Nannapaya administer Kollipaka-7000 division

This record in Kannada range in data from Saka 954 (A.D. 1032) in the reign of Jagadekamalla (Jayasimha) refers to an endowment of the village Gadicheruvu included in Anemargge-70 by the king's maneverggade Nannapaya for offerings to the god Nanni-Narayana.

1033 - 1077 CE : Sankaraganda II

Mahasamanta Melarasa/Amilarasa was then governing Kollipake-7000.

1074 CE : mahamandalesvara Sangamarasa

1074 - 1077 CE : Asagarasa

1077 – 1091 CE : Tondaya II Chola Maharaja

rules Kollipaka-7000 under Chalukya overlord. 1088, 1089 CE : king's feudatory Tondavachola-maharala. One mentions Rame-svara Pandita as a pontiff of the Kalamukha sect, who received for the Uttaresvara temple an endowment of money collected from officials and shops.

Records a gift of the village Uddamdige included in Anemarga-70 70, free from all taxes, for repairs to the temple of god Somesvara

1091 CE - 1104 CE : Prince Somesvara III

1092 CE : figures in one of the records as performing the following mahadanas: gudaparvata, sarkari parvata lavanaparvata and gosahasra on the occasion of Akshaya-tritiya, and in another as endowing a village to the temple of Ambika Devi of Ambaratirtha.

1104 AD - 1108 CE : Paramara Jagaddeva

youngest son of Udayaditya of Paramara Dynasty. 1104 CE : The record introduces the prince Jagaddeva who is said to have been the son of Udayaditya and grandson of Gondala of the Paramara line in which great kings like Sri Harsha, Munja, Sindala, Bhojadeva and others were born. Then it refers to the Chalukya king Tribhuvanamalla alias Chalukya Rama and Vikranta-chakresvara, who, out of affection brought Jagaddeva the prince of Dhara and treating him like his son bestowed on him part of the Kuntala country, Jagaddeva is stated to have conquered the Kings of Vegi, Dravila, Chakrakuja, Mahira and Ballala. Such Jaggaddeva residing in his own capital Kollipaka, it states, granted the village Goshttipalu in Aleti-Kampana with all immunities as Devabhoga to the god Somesvara and the attached maria built by Bammadeva-nayaka son of Dhakkananayaka, at the king's fort Bhuvanagiri on the occasion of Akshaya-tritiya. 1104 CE : Records a gift of the village Maddigatlu in Pullanuru-70 to god Jagaddevanarayana installed by himself by Kumara mahamandalesvara Jagaddeva with the permission of the king in Kollipake-7000 1106 CE - Lemulavada: Prince Somesvara with approval of Ballaharasa, that is Vikramaditya VI. Mention is made of the agrahara Lembavadi in Venisale-seventy in Sabbi-thousand. 1108 CE : An inscription of Jagaddeva from Vemulawada (Karimnagar District) bears the date Saka 1031, Sarvadhirin, Vaisakha-Suddha 14, Adivara (Sunday). The date is regular for Saka 1030 and corresponds to the 26th April 1108 A.D. It mentions Samadhigatapañchamahasabda Mahamandaleshwar Jagaddeva as staying at Lemulavada and apparently as Paramarakula-tilaka though Paramara in the epithet has been wrongly engraved or transcribed as Po[l]avalu.

1108 - 1126 CE : Mahamandalesvara Chalukya Ganga-permadi Kumara Somesvara III

Mahapradhana and Dandanayaka Kalimarasa or Kalimayya

Somanayaka, the savaddore of Aleru-40, certain Vemiradi and Budiradi.

1108 CE : The inscription records the gift of land towards naivedya of the god Badesvara of Ramatirtha by mahamandalesvara Mahadevarasar, along with Karana pramukhas of Banavaya, with the concurrence of the prince Somesvara.

1109 CE - Kolanupaka : Mahamandalesvara Kumara Somesvara ruling over Kolipaka-nadu granted the third part of the king's share of the Kolva (produce of grain) due from the deva bhoga-talavritti of Tamdipamula, the prabhutva-agrahara of Somanatha bhatta, in Kaluvachedu 40, a kampana of Kollipaka desa 1110 CE - Kolanupaka: It records that while Chalukya Tribhuvanamalla was ruling his son Kumara Somesvara had granted two mattars of wetland to Aditya Bhatta Somayaji on the occasion of the lunareclipse, in the presence of mahapradhani Kailyarasa in the Kolipaka Nadu.

1111 CE : There is the usual prasasti of Chalukya Tribhuvanamalla Vikramaditya VI and his son Kumara Somesvara. While Kumara Somesvara was ruling at Kollipaka, seven thousand, his palace minister and dandanayaka named Kalimayya, after requesting his master, granted three mattars of wetland near Ramalla tank and West to Jagaddeva Narayana's manyam to the god Mallikarjuna installed by his brother Tikkapayva who was also dandanayaka at Kollipaka. He also granted another three mattara of wetland to Brahmesvara deva installed by his son-in-law Brahmadeva Nayaka.

1125 CE - Kolanupaka : gifts village Panupura to goddess Ambika (Jaina deity). at the request of dandanayaka mahapradhana maneverggade Sayipayya, army-commander of Kollipake-Two- Thousand.

1112 CE Jainad - Adilabad : The Jainad inscription says that the Paramara prince Jagaddeva, who was Udayaditya's son and whose pitrivya (father's brother or cousin) was king Bhoja, had the following military successes to his credit (1) invasion of the country of the Andhra king who was defeated, (2) uprooting of the king of Chakradurga, (3) destruction of the forces of the Malahara (Hoysala) king at Dwarasamudra, (4) victory over the Gurjara warriors of king Jayasimha not far from Mt. Arbada (Abu), and (5) defeat of king Karna. 8th November, 1128 CE - Kamagiri, Adilabad : The inscription begins with the well-known auspicious symbol followed by the benedictory expression svasti Sri. Then comes verse 1 in adoration to the god Ganadhipati. This is followed by the date and the introduction of samadhigata pancha-mahasabda Mahamandalesvara Jagaddeva who is thus represented as a chief with feudatory titles but without any mention of his overlord. Next is the village called Guriyada grama in Salaghampranaka within Jagaddeva's vishaya or territory

1128 - 1136 CE : Prince Tailapa Rebellion and Kakatiya Intervention

1136–1178 CE : Udayachoda II

Manevergade Nannapayya

Muppana Nayaka govern Kollipaka; gifts for perpetual lamps recorded.

Key Historical Events and Inscriptions

• 913 AD: Kollipaka administered by Gommarasa I and Ayyanayya under Rashtrakuta king Nityavarsha.
• 972 AD: Santivarmarasa ruled Kollipaka as Ratta feudatory under Tailapa II.
• 979 AD: Korapara Revarasa grants land to Brahmanas in Medak.
• 1015 AD: Rajendra Chola occupies Kollipaka; Jayasimha II recaptures it.
• 1027–1032 AD: Revarasa and Nannapaya administer Kollipaka-7000 division.
• 1033 AD: Nanni Kamiyavve gifts land to Chandikamba temple.
• 1040–1054 AD: Mahasamantas Bikkarasa, Kommanayya govern Kollipaka.
• 1064 AD: Buddharasa, subordinate of Trailokyamalladeva, governs Kollipaka-7000.
• 1065–1077 AD: Asagarasa, Aggalarasa, Koteya Bhimarasa, and Sangamarasa rule under Chalukya overlord.
• 1077–1081 AD: Sankaragandarasa governs Kollipaka; Eruva Tondaya records gifts.
• 1081–1088 AD: Kamarasar and Gundamayya administer Kollipaka-7000.
• 1088–1097 AD: Tondaya II Chola Maharaja rules Kollipaka-7000 under Chalukya overlord.
• 1097–1098 AD: Kalachuri Chiddarasa governs Kollipaka-7000.
• 1104 AD: Kanduru Bhimana Choda Maharaja grants lands; Paramara Jagaddeva serves under Tribhuvanamalla Vikramaditya VI.
• 1107–1126 AD: Kumara Somesvara administers Kollipaka; major land grants and temple donations recorded.
• 1125 AD: Mahamandalesvara Chalukya Ganga-permadi Kumara Somesvara gifts village Panupura to goddess Ambika (Jaina deity).
• 1136–1178 AD: Udayachoda II and Muppana Nayaka govern Kollipaka; gifts for perpetual lamps recorded.
• 12th century: Varmayya under Jagadekamalla II grants land to Pampa Permanadigalu.

913 CE Padaturu Record

• Suzerain: Nityavarsha (Indra III). This record dates back to the Rashtrakuta Empire, nearly 150 years before the Western Chalukya records you have been reviewing. It proves that the administrative framework of this region was established long before the Chalukyas took over.
• The Officials: * Mahasamanta Nurmadidhavala: A high-ranking provincial governor. * Gommarasa: A subordinate chief who was already administering the Kollipaka Nadu-7000 division in the early 10th century.
• The Local Ruler: Aydamayya. He is specifically noted as the ruler of Padaturu.
• The Grant: Chamangamunda (son of Aydamayya) constructed a temple and endowed it with several lands. Notably, the grant included the income from the Siddhaya (fixed land tax), showing that local leaders had the authority to divert state taxes to religious institutions.
• Historical Significance: This is the "Foundation Record" for the research. it proves that Kollipaka-7000 was not a Chalukyan invention but a vital Rashtrakuta administrative unit that survived the change of dynasties.

1032 CE Kolanupaka Record (Jagadekamalla I)

This record provides a vital snapshot of the early 11th-century administrative geography of the region. It confirms the identity of the Nannapayya mentioned in the later Choda records and establishes the local hierarchy under the Emperor Jayasimha II (Jagadekamalla I).

• The Official: Maneverggade Nannapayya. He held the high-ranking office of Maneverggade (Superintendent of the Household). His direct involvement in granting a whole village shows that the imperial household staff had significant authority over land in the Kollipaka province.
• The Hierarchy of Nadus: The record defines a clear geographic nesting:
  • Kollipake-70: The core district immediately surrounding the capital.
  • Anemargga-70: An adjoining district or sub-unit.
  • Gadicheruvu: The specific village gifted.
• The Deity: Nanni-Narayana. This temple likely received the gift for daily worship and offerings. The reference to Surendradeva as the Sthanapati (manager/head of the temple) indicates a well-organized religious establishment with dedicated oversight.

Sankaragandarasa (Rattarameru): 1045 - 1077 CE - Kollipaka-20000 - Mahasamantadhipati

Asagarasar : 1065 - 1077 CE - Kolliapaka-7000 - Mahamandalesvara

1065 CE Mulugu Record

• The Ruler: Asagarasar (Asagaraja). Even in 1065 CE, during the reign of Somesvara I, he already bore the title Kollipakeyagova (Guardian of Kollipake). This confirms he was a high-ranking official long before the records of 1072–1075 CE.
• The Acting Official: Raviyaparaja. He is described as the immediate ruler/administrator who conferred the honors in the presence of the Mahajanas (the assembly of elders/learned men).
• Geographic Reach: The record provides a precise administrative "address": Baliya Molugu-30 (modern Mulugu) was a unit of 30 villages, which was part of a larger district called Chandanapura-1000.
• Administrative Act: The inscription formalizes the appointment of Kati Raddi and Mini Raddi to the office of Headmenship (local leadership). This demonstrates that the Raddi (Reddy) community held vital local administrative roles under the Western Chalukya political umbrella.
• Legal Process: The conferment was a public legal act. It was done in the presence of the Mahajanas and witnessed by specific individuals to ensure the legitimacy of the headmen's authority over the 30 villages.

1072 CE Samgupalli Record

• Suzerain: Bhuvanaikamalladeva (Somesvara II). This Sanskrit record, dated August 17, 1072 CE, captures the peak of Somesvara II's administrative organization in the Medak region.
• The Official: Asagaraja (also appearing as Asagamarasa in your Kolanupaka records). He is a major feudal lord whose long prasasti confirms his elite status with titles such as Lattalurpuravaresvaram (Lord of Latur), Rattanarayaṇa (The Sun of the Rattas), and crucially, Kollipakeyagovam (The Guardian of Kollipake).
• The Project: This is a significant civil engineering record. It documents:
  • Repairs to a small tank, including the construction of a sluice (water gate) and revetments (retaining walls) for the Goragavrappi tank.
  • Construction of a new tank in the Gajaveļi Agrahara (modern Gajwel) by Kumaraswamy, an officer under Asagaraja and lord of Badicheda.
• The Pramukhas: The record names the local leaders (Pramukhas) who oversaw the work: Jannamaraju, Kamaraju, and his sons Kallaparaju, Prolamaraju, and Tikkaraju.
• Geographic Reach: Situated in Samgupalli (Gajwel Taluk), the record mentions the village Jaleyagama (modern Jillella). This places Asagaraja’s influence firmly across both the Kollipaka-7000 unit and the neighboring Gajwel areas.

1074 CE Kolanupaka Record

• Suzerain: Bhuvanaikamalla (Somesvara II). Although the king's name is not explicitly mentioned in your summary, the date 1074 CE (Saka 996, Ananda) falls within his reign, just two years before his brother Vikramaditya VI took the throne.
• The Official: Mahamandalesvara Sangamarasa. He is a high-ranking governor who prominently bears the title Lattalurpuravaresvara (Lord of Lattalur, modern Latur). This confirms he belonged to the same elite Ratta/Rashtrakuta lineage as the Permanadi officials you found in Medak.
• Geographic Reach: Located in Kolanupaka (Bhuvanagiri Taluk). During this period, Kolanupaka (Kollipaka) was a major administrative and religious secondary capital for the Western Chalukyas, serving as a gateway to their eastern provinces.
• Religious Endowment: The record registers a gift of one Mattar of land to a Brahmana named Surayya. This specific grant was formalized on the occasion of Uttarayana Samkranti, a highly auspicious day in the Hindu calendar for making land donations.
• Historical Significance: This record proves that the Lattalur-lineage governors were not restricted to the Medak region but held significant authority in the Nalgonda district as well, managing key urban centers like Kolanupaka.

1075 CE Kolanupaka Record

• Suzerain: Bhuvanaikamalladeva (Somesvara II). At the time of this record, the emperor was ruling from his Nelevidu (military encampment/capital) at Bankapura (modern Karnataka), highlighting the vast geographic reach of the empire.
• The Official: Mahamandalesvara Asagamarasa. He is identified as the governor of Kollipaka-7000. His titles, Rattaradheya and Lattalurpuravaresvara, confirm his high status within the Ratta/Rashtrakuta lineage of Latur.
• The Recipient: Trailokyamalla Rebbi Setti. A prominent merchant of the capital (Rajadhani) Kollipaka. Interestingly, he bears the name of the previous king (Trailokyamalla), which was a common honorific for loyal subjects or those born during that reign.
• The Grant: This is a significant economic and urban record. It grants:
  • Setti-sumka: The customs duties or tolls traditionally collected by/from the merchant community.
  • House-sites: Specific plots located in prime urban areas—one in front of the Kotthara (granary/storehouse) under the Chief's domain and another in front of the Palace.
  • Jagatigere: Likely a specific local tank or water body associated with the merchant quarters.
• Language: The record is bilingual (Telugu and Kannada), which was the standard for administrative clarity in the frontier provinces of the Western Chalukyas.

1077 CE Kolanupaka Record

• Suzerain: Tribhuvanamalla (Vikramaditya VI). This record is dated August 26, 1077 CE, shortly after his accession to the throne. It specifies he was ruling from the imperial capital, Kalyana.
• The Official: Mahamandalesvara Samkaraganda. Like the other governors in your records, he bears the lineage title Lattalurpuravaresvara. He was the governor of the massive Kollipake-7000 province.
• The Administration: The record mentions Perggade Kavanayya (a superintendent or chief officer) and other Karanas (administrative clerks/accountants) who held jurisdiction over the city.
• Geographic Reach: Kollipake (modern Kolanupaka) is described as a Rajadhani (capital/royal city). The "7000" suffix indicates the scale of the province, which was one of the most important administrative and commercial hubs in the eastern Chalukya domain.
• Economic Stipulation: The inscription registers a tax regulation. The Nagaras (merchant guilds/city residents) were required to pay a Siddhaya (fixed land tax or quit-rent) at the rate of one Pon-gadyana (gold coin) for each shop per year.

Kumara Tondaya Chola of Kandur : 1077 - 1091 CE - Kollipaka-7000

1077 CE Kolanupaka Record (May 8)

This record captures the exact moment of the political "interregnum" at the capital. Dated just a few months before the August 1077 record of Sankaragandarasa, it represents the transitional phase where the Eruva (Choda) military presence was established in the city.

• The Donor: Eruva Tondarasa. Notably, this record does not mention a royal overlord. Tondarasa appears as an Eruva Chief acting with Demarasa and Kamana. This lack of a king's name suggests the political shift between the brothers Somesvara II and Vikramaditya VI was still in a volatile state in May 1077.
• The Deity: Somesvaradeva. The gift was made to the main deity of Kollipake (modern Kolanupaka). This temple remained the religious heart of the capital throughout the Western Chalukya period.
• The Endowment: Forty Sheep. These were gifted specifically for a Perpetual Lamp (Nanda-dipa). In medieval inscriptions, livestock was provided to temples so the milk/ghee (clarified butter) produced could sustain the lamps eternally.
• Significance: This is the "middle" record of the 1077 sequence. It shows that while the Lattalur officials (like Asagarasa) were being phased out, the Eruva/Choda commanders were securing their influence through religious patronage at the city's most important shrine.

1088 CE : The earliest reference to these titles is noticed in the Kolanupaka inscription of Kumãra Tondaya Chola that is Bhima II's son Tonda II dated C.V. 13, A.D. 1088. 1090-1091 CE : An unpublished epigraph from Panugallu dated C.V. 15 set up by Bhima's eldest son Tondaya registers some vrittis granted by him to a brahman who carried the ashes of his father Kandūru Bhima Chōda to Ganga for immersing them in that holy river.

Kumara Mahamandalesvara Jagaddeva : 1104 - 1108 CE - Kollipaka-7000

General : Mahasamdhivigrahin Dandanayaka Somala. Vikramaditya VI brought Jagaddeva from Dhara (Malwa) out of affection. The Emperor treated Jagaddeva as his Dharma-tanaya (adopted son) and "he first among his sons. He was given half of the Kuntala kingdom to rule, specifically the southern part (dakshina-dis-alamkara).

1104 CE Kolanupaka Record

This record, inscribed in Sanskrit and Devanagari script, details the arrival of the Malwa nobility to the Deccan. It highlights the transformation of Kollipaka into an international hub where Northern and Southern lineages converged under Vikramaditya VI.

• The Governor: Kumara Mahamandalesvara Jagaddeva. A prince of the Paramara dynasty of Malwa. Described as a Padapadmopajivin (subordinate) of the Chalukya king, he was a famous warrior who defeated the Hoysala Ballala and the Andhras.
• The Foundation: Jagaddevanarayanadeva. Jagaddeva consecrated this temple (modern Veeranarayana temple) and provided for its anga-ranga-bhoga (ritual services), repairs, and the feeding of ascetics and pupils.
• Geographic & Fiscal Units: The record identifies a precise hierarchy:
  • Kollipaka-12: A smaller circle of villages within the capital's orbit.
  • Chabbidesa: A larger region containing the Pulganuru-70 unit.
  • Maddigatlu & Nidungaluru: Specific villages involved in the endowment.
• The Revenue System: A sophisticated tax structure is revealed:
  • Village Grades: Fixed gold Rupaka levies based on village status: Uttama (5), Madhyama (4), and Adhama (3).
  • Commercial Dues: A measure of oil (Deva-mana) from every oil mill and garlands from garland makers.
  • Royal Share: The King's 1/3rd share of the 20 Dramma income from the Appesvara temple was specifically excluded.

Prince Kumara Somesvara : 1108 CE - 1126 CE

1107 CE Kolanupaka Record (Kumara Somesvara & Jain Patronage)

This record, found in the Somesvara temple complex, is one of the earliest instances of Kumara Somesvara exercising authority in Kolanupaka. It highlights his role as a protector of the Jaina faith, even before he was officially titled the "Lord of Kollipaka" in 1112 CE.

• The Viceroy: Kumara Somesvara. This grant, dated to July 1107 CE, shows the prince active in the region a full two years before his "first stay" mentioned in the 1109 CE foundation record.
• The Eclipse Error: The record mentions a Suryagrahana (Solar Eclipse), but the astronomical data (Tithi being Purnima) confirms it was actually a Lunar Eclipse. This is a rare glimpse into a "scribe's oversight" in the 12th century.
• The Jain Recipient: Parshwanath Jinalaya. The gift was made to the Jain temple in the village of Chappaliya.
• The Monastic Lineage: The record identifies the specific Jain order managing the temple:
  • Kranurgana: The prominent Jain monastic lineage of the region.
  • Timtrini-gachchha: A sub-branch of the order (Gachchha).
  • Padmanandi Siddhantadeva: The preceptor or head monk.
• Significance: This confirms that Kolanupaka was a major center for the Digambara Jain tradition. The prince’s patronage of a Jinalaya here, while his other records show gifts to Shaiva and Vaishnava temples, demonstrates the imperial policy of supporting all religious establishments to maintain local stability.

]

1108 CE Patancheru Record (Kumara Somesvara)

This record, found in the Sangareddy region (Medak), shows that Kumara Somesvara was exercising administrative oversight across a broad territory, stretching from the Kollipaka region in the east to the Patancheru (Pottalakere) region in the west.

• The Viceroy: Kumara Somesvara. This record is dated to 1108 CE, just months before his "first stay" at Kollipaka in 1109 CE. It shows that he was already active in the western districts of Telangana as the high authority ("concurrence of the prince").
• The Donor: Mahamandalesvara Mahadevarasar. He acted in coordination with the Karana pramukhas (Chief Accountants/Secretaries) of Banavaya. The presence of Karanas indicates a highly organized revenue and land-record department in the Medak region.
• The Deity: Badesvara of Ramatirtha. The gift was specifically for naivedya (food offerings), ensuring the daily ritual maintenance of the shrine.
• Strategic Location: Patancheru (historically known as Pottalakere or Patasala-kere) was a major administrative and military hub for the Western Chalukyas, often serving as a secondary capital or a gateway to the heart of the empire at Kalyana.
• Administrative Cooperation: The fact that a local Mahamandalesvara required the "concurrence" of Prince Somesvara highlights the transition toward Direct Royal Rule that we see fully established at Kollipaka by 1109 CE.

1109 CE Kolanupaka Record (Kumara Somesvara’s Arrival)

This inscription marks a critical turning point in the governance of the Kollipaka-7000 province. It documents the moment Kumara Somesvara (the future Somesvara III) officially took over the region, likely displacing the Paramara prince Jagaddeva whom we saw in the 1104 CE records.

• The Transition: The record suggests that by 1109 CE, the "High Aristocracy" phase of Jagaddeva had ended. The Emperor Vikramaditya VI decided to place the province under the direct control of his son, Kumara Somesvara (also called Gangapermadi), making Kollipaka a royal seat.
• The Imperial Household: The gift was made by the Prince's Antahpuraverggade (Superintendent of the Zenana/Royal Household). This indicates that the Prince had moved his entire court and household staff to Kollipaka, treating it as a secondary capital.
• The Conquests (Prasasti): In a display of imperial power, the Prince is credited with conquering:
  • Chola (South India)
  • Chera (Kerala)
  • Simhala (Sri Lanka)
  • Malava & Gurjara (Central and Western India)
  • Pamchala (North India)
  While these are traditional "heroic" claims, they emphasize his status as a world-conquering sovereign in the making.
• Context of the Stay: This is noted as his "first stay" at Kollipaka. As we saw in your other records, he would remain in or return to this region for over 15 years, eventually leading campaigns against the Eastern Gangas (Trikalinga) from this very base.

1109 CE Hyderabad Museum Record (Kanduri Chodas)

This record is a vital piece of the puzzle because it shows the Kanduri Chodas and the Imperial Generals working in tandem. It confirms that while Prince Somesvara was arriving in Kollipaka, the Choda chiefs were expanding their administrative reach in the surrounding divisions.

• The Imperial Overlord: Tribhuvanamalladeva (Vikramaditya VI). This record is dated to his 33rd regnal year, a period of peak stability for the Western Chalukya Empire in Telangana.
• The High General: Dandanayaka Anantapalayya. He was one of the most powerful generals of Vikramaditya VI. His "approval" for the endowments at Hiriya-Gobburu shows that the central military command had a direct say in local village matters.
• The Choda Governor: Mahamandalesvara Kanduri Gokarna-choda-maharaja. This is a key figure in the Kanduri Choda lineage. He is seen granting villages in two specific administrative divisions:
  • Gukkadamu-30: A smaller sub-district.
  • Namikamti-70: A standard "70" village unit.
• The Beneficiaries: The grant was made to two brothers, Bhimanapeggade and Doddaya-bhatta. The combination of a "Peggade" (ministerial title) and a "Bhatta" (scholarly title) suggests a family that served the state in both administrative and religious capacities.
• Hiriya-Gobburu Mahajanas: The Mahajanas (village elders/council) were responsible for the actual endowment to the deities. This highlights the "Self-Governing" nature of villages under the Chalukya-Choda administration.

1110 CE Kolanupaka Record

This record, dated over 30 years into the reign of Vikramaditya VI (Tribhuvanamalla), shows a settled and high-level imperial administration in Kollipaka. The "enforcer" days of 1077 CE have given way to a structured bureaucracy involving the royal family and senior ministers.

• The Prince: Kumara Somesvara. This is the future King Somesvara III (the author of Manasollasa). His presence in Kollipaka indicates that the city was a "training ground" or a prestigious viceroyalty for the Chalukya heirs.
• The Executioner: Mahapradhana Sandhivigrahi Dandanayaka Kalimarasar. He holds the highest ministerial titles:
  • Mahapradhana: Chief Minister.
  • Sandhivigrahi: Minister of War and Peace (Foreign Affairs).
  • Dandanayaka: Military Commander.
  He acted as the Anapti (executor) of the royal order.
• Geographic Units: The record provides a clear breakdown of the 12th-century hierarchy:
  • Kollipaka-nadu: The broader province.
  • Kollipaka-1000: A sub-district containing the village Ittakayala.
  • Gomdura: A specific village within the larger Nadu.
• The Grant: A total of 34 Mattars of land (including Niru-nela or wetland) gifted to Adityabhatta Somayaji. The timing—a Lunar Eclipse—was a standard auspicious moment for Paramesvaradatti (a gift made for the merit of the supreme lord/emperor).

1112 CE Kolanupaka Record

This inscription, located at the capital Kollipake, further cements the role of Prince Somesvara III as the viceroy of the region during his father’s reign. It is a prime example of imperial land management and the settlement of learned scholars in the Kollipaka desa.

• The Viceroy: Kumara Somesvara. He is explicitly titled the Lord of Kollipaka desa. This confirms that the entire province was his personal administrative domain before he ascended the throne as the Emperor.
• Lineage (Prasasti): The record provides a clear dynastic line: Ahavamalla (Somesvara I) → Tribhuvanamalla (Vikramaditya VI) → Kumara Somesvara.
• Geographic Units:
  • Nellutu: A village situated in the Kaluvi cheda-40 (a sub-unit of 40 villages).
  • Vaddagi cheruvu: Another village within the same administrative circle.
• The Beneficiaries: Three high-ranking Brahmanas (Upadhyayas) were settled:
  • Kesavabhattopadhyaya: Son of Mayura-nayaka (Sandilya gotra).
  • Golanabhattopadhyaya: (Harita gotra).
  • Vamanabhatta: (Bharadvaja gotra).
• Precise Land Distribution: The record is very specific about the types of land granted:
  • Wetland (Niru-nela): 10 nivartanas each, located at the Canal-head (kalva-moulu) of both the "Big Tank" and the "Small Tank." This was the most fertile land.
  • Dry land: 40 nivartanas each.
  • Residential: Two house sites for each individual.

1125 CE Kolanupaka Record

This inscription, located on a pillar at Ubagadda, is one of the most remarkable records in your collection. It provides a rare look at the "Four Faiths" (Chatus-samaya) harmony and the military achievements of the crown prince just one year before the death of Vikramaditya VI.

• The High Command: Kumara Somesvaradeva (the future Somesvara III) holds the title Chalukya Ganga-Permadi. He is acting here at the request of his chief officer, Sayimayya (also called Savi-dandanadhipa), who held the triple titles of Mahapradhana, Maneverggade, and Dandanatha of Kollipake-7000.
• Military Glories: The record lists the conquests of Prince Somesvara:
  • Trikalinga: He pursued the king of Trikalinga (Eastern Odisha/Andhra coast), plundered the land, and set up a Victory Pillar (Jaya-stambha).
  • Dravila: He is credited with destroying the forces (elephants and cavalry) of the Dravila (Chola) king.
• The Religious Landscape: The grant is for the goddess Ambaratilakada Ambikadevi (The Crest Jewel of the Chalukyas).
  • Ambikadevi: Though a Jain Yakshini, she is here patronized as a protective deity of the Chalukya clan.
  • Chatus-samaya: The commander Sayimayya is praised as a supporter of four religions: Jainism, Buddhism, Shaivism, and Vaishnavism. This is a very rare mention of Buddha in a 12th-century Telangana inscription.
• The Jaina Connection: The record concludes with a deep lineage (Gavali) of the Kanur-gana (a sect of Jain monks):
  • Lineage: Chandramaladhari → Padmaprabhamuni → Meghachandra Siddhantadeva → Madhavendu Siddhantadeva.
  • Executor: Kesiraja, the Jainasasana-pati and Perggade of the goddess, who set up the pillar.
• Land Details: The village of Panupurayi was granted as Sarvamanya. Crucially, the record excludes the Deva-bhoga-svamya (pre-existing rights) of the Akkabasadi (a Jain nunnery or temple), showing high respect for established religious properties.

1279 AD

27th December 1279 AD: Nissamka Poti Nayaka, a subordinate of Indusekhara of the Durjaya line, dug the Vamsavardhana canal and made land gifts for worship at Somanatha temple. He and Proli Nayaka defeated Kalinga Vira Bhanudeva I and allies.

Religious Significance

Kolanupaka has been a prominent Jain center since the Rashtrakuta period, with numerous Jaina Basadis and temples, including the Parshwanath and Ambika shrines. It was also a hub for Hindu religious activity under later Chalukya and Paricchedis rule.

Old Divisions

• Kollipaka-9000: Administrative division comprising 9,000 villages under Kollipaka region.
• Kollipaka-7000: Administrative division comprising 7,000 villages under Kollipaka region.
• Pembarthi: Part of the Kollipaka administrative region.

Overall, Kolanupaka (Kollipaka) was a strategic administrative, military, and religious center for centuries under multiple dynasties, with rich evidence from inscriptions, temples, and land grants.