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The Gadwal Samsthanam Somandri Dynasty: The Legacy of the Raichur Doab (c. 1662 CE - 1948 CE) 1,200 Square Miles | Population: 110,000+ | Prestigious Vassal of Hyderabad The Gadwal Samsthanam was one of Hyderabad's most prestigious, oldest, largest, and wealthiest vassal states. Ruled by the Mustipalli dynasty of Pakanati Reddis following the Veera Vaishnava tradition, it occupied the fertile Raichur Doab between the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers. Celebrated as " Vidwad Gadwal " (Gadwal of the Scholars), the Samsthanam was renowned for its military strength, cultural patronage, and the development of the world-famous Gadwal handloom sarees. I. Origins and Early Allegiances (1290 – 1662 CE) The formative centuries under successive Deccan empires, beginning with Kakatiya patronage and navigating the turbulent transitions between Bahmini, Vijayanagara, and Bijapur powers. The orig...

Mandala -> Sima / Nadu , Sthala , and Grama Warangal (Orugallu - Capital) Imperial Capital Orugallu — Supreme Seat of Prataparudra Devulu Succession: Kakatiya Dynasty (Imperial Line) Forts: Orugallu-kota (Shila-durga & Matti-kota) Grama: Mogilicheruvula , Rangapuram Administrative Note: The Eka-shila-nagari . By 1323 CE, this was the center of the 72-Nayaka system, where all Sthala-karanams submitted revenue records. Mattu-sthala [Mattewada] Sthala: Mattu-sthala Succession: Nakaram (Merchant Guilds) Registry Grama: Mattiwada (Vartaka-vada) Administrative Note: The Economic Hub. Managed the Mada-badi-paduka (cash taxes) from the powerful merchant and weaver guilds. ...