Mandala -> Sima / Nadu, Sthala, and Grama
Warangal (Orugallu - Capital)
Imperial Capital
Orugallu — Supreme Seat of Prataparudra Devulu
Succession: Kakatiya Dynasty (Imperial Line)
Forts: Orugallu-kota (Shila-durga & Matti-kota)
Grama:
Mogilicheruvula,
Rangapuram
Administrative Note: The Eka-shila-nagari. By 1323 CE, this was the center of the 72-Nayaka system, where all Sthala-karanams submitted revenue records.
Mattu-sthala [Mattewada]
Sthala: Mattu-sthala
Succession: Nakaram (Merchant Guilds) Registry
Grama: Mattiwada (Vartaka-vada)
Administrative Note: The Economic Hub. Managed the Mada-badi-paduka (cash taxes) from the powerful merchant and weaver guilds.
Wardhannapeta-sthala
Sthala: Wardhannapeta-sthala
Succession: Viriyala Chiefs → Imperial Niyogis
Forts: Wardhannapeta Gada
Grama: Ipparu, Nellikuduru
Administrative Note: The "Southern Gate." Managed the flow of resources from the Panugallu-sima toward the capital.
Hanumakonda (Anumakonda - Initial Capital)
Anumakonda-sthala
Sthala: Anumakonda-sthala
Forts: Anumakonda Giri-durga
Grama:
Maddi,
Kadipakonda,
Siddhesvaram
Administrative Note: The ancestral seat. Functioned as the elite military reserve and Vidya-pitha for the capital's defense.
Kondaparthi-sthala
Sthala: Kondaparthi-sthala
Succession: Malyala Chiefs Registry
Grama: Kondaparthi, Ghanpuram
Administrative Note: Western defense node. Centered around the massive irrigation works of the Malyala family.
Hasanparti-sthala
Sthala: Hasanparti-sthala
Grama: Hasanparti, Anantasagaram
Administrative Note: Strategic northern cluster. Managed mineral resources and provided iron for the royal armories.
Elukurthi-sthala
Sthala: Elukurthi-sthala
Forts: Elukurthi Gada
Grama: Elukurthi, Dharmaram
Administrative Note: Logistics node for northern Sabbi-sima. Controlled the Dharmasagar water resources.
Jangaon [Janagama] (Kollipaka-sima under Sabbi-mandala)
Pembarthi-sthala
Sthala: Pembarthi-sthala
Succession: Vishwakarma Guild Registry
Grama: Pembarthi, Janagama
Administrative Note: Etymology: Originates from Jaina-grama (Jain Village), later becoming a center for Jangams. It functioned as the primary transit point for pilgrims traveling between Kollipaka and Orugallu.
Chilpuru-sthala
Sthala: Chilpuru-sthala
Grama: Chilpuru, Zaffergadh
Administrative Note: A strategic hill-cluster. The Sthalakarana here managed the revenue from the rugged terrain and provided lookouts for the western approaches to the capital.
Kodakandla-sthala
Sthala: Kodakandla-sthala
Grama: Kodakandla, Palakurthi
Administrative Note: Cultural and religious hub. Birthplace of Palakuriki Somanatha. This sthala managed resources for the Basava-puranam scholars and Shaivite learning centers.
Yadadri Bhuvanagiri (Kollipaka-sima under Sabbi-mandala)
Kollipaka-sthala [Kolanupaka]
Sthala: Kollipaka-sthala
Succession: Imperial Kakatiya Registry (formerly Kollipaka-7000)
Forts: Kollipaka-kota
Grama:
Kolanupaka,
Aleya,
Vemulakonda
Administrative Note: The supreme religious and administrative hub of the west. Aleya functioned as the logistical gate for the high road (Maha-patha) leading to Janagama.
Bhuvanagiri-sthala [Bhongir]
Sthala: Bhuvanagiri-sthala
Succession: Imperial Military Command
Forts: Bhuvanagiri Giri-durga
Grama:
Bhuvanagiri,
Raigiri,
Bibinagaram
Administrative Note: The "Impregnable Peak." This sthala was a purely military district. The Sthalakarana here focused on the supply of the garrison at the monolithic hill fort, which guarded the approach to Orugallu.
Motakuru-sthala
Sthala: Motakuru-sthala
Grama: Motakuru, Addaguduru
Administrative Note: An agricultural pocket between the hill forts. Managed the revenue from the fertile lands surrounding the local rivulets.
Medchal-Malkajgiri (Musi-nadu/Musi-ma-nadu under Kandur-mandala)
Medichala-sthala [Medchal]
Sthala: Medichala-sthala
Succession: Imperial Niyogi Registry
Grama:
Medichala,
Gundlapallu,
Pudur
Administrative Note: The "Mid-Way Village." Medichala served as a vital camping ground for the imperial army moving toward the western frontiers. The Sthalakarana here managed the collection of forage and supplies for the royal cavalry.
Padi-sthala
Sthala: Padi-sthala
Forts: Padi-gutta
Grama:
Malla-giri [Malkajgiri],
Uppallu [Uppal]
Administrative Note: A military district centered around the Padi-gutta. This unit functioned as the watchful eye over the Muchukunda (Musi) river crossings and the strategic rocky passes leading toward the Bhuvanagiri fort.
Shamirupeta-sthala
Sthala: Shamirupeta-sthala
Grama: Shamirupeta, Lalgadi
Administrative Note: Focused on tank-based agriculture. It managed the early water conservation systems that fed the agrarian clusters north of modern Hyderabad.
Hyderabad (Musi-nadu/musi-ma-nadu under Kandur-mandala)
Gollakonda-sthala [Golconda]
Sthala: Gollakonda-sthala
Succession: Imperial Military Registry
Forts: Gollakonda Giri-durga (Matti-kota)
Grama:
Gollakonda,
Karwanu
Administrative Note: The "Shepherd's Hill." Long before the stone fortifications, this was a Matti-kota (mud fort) under the Kakatiyas, guarding the western grazing lands and the primary route to the **Karnata** borders.
Muchukunda-sthala
Sthala: Muchukunda-sthala
Grama: Chicholam [Old City Area], Musi-grama
Administrative Note: Named after the Muchukunda (Musi) river. This unit managed the river-fed agricultural lands and the ferry crossings that connected the northern plateaus to the southern Kandura-nadu.
Bahu-palli-sthala [Bowenpally]
Sthala: Bahu-palli-sthala
Grama: Bahu-palli, Kukatipalli
Administrative Note: A logistics node. It functioned as a transit point for messengers moving between **Medichala** and the **Gollakonda** fort.
Rangareddy (Musi-nadu/musi-ma-nadu under Kandur-mandala)
Amarchamda-sthala [Amarchinta / Maheshwaram area]
Sthala: Amarchamda-sthala
Succession: Imperial Registry of Prataparudra Devulu
Grama:
Maheshwaram [Maheshwaram],
Mamidipallu [Mamidipalli]
Administrative Note: The "Mango Grove District." This unit was famous for its fruit-bearing land endowments and managed the transition from the Muchukunda (Musi) basin to the higher southern plateau.
Tandooru-sthala [Tandur]
Sthala: Tandooru-sthala
Forts: Tandooru-gada
Grama:
Tandooru [Tandur],
Yalala [Yalal]
Administrative Note: The Western Frontier Node. This sthala controlled the strategic passes leading toward the Karnata borders and was a primary site for imperial military camps.
Manchal-sthala [Ibrahimpatnam area]
Sthala: Manchal-sthala
Grama:
Manchal [Manchal],
Yacharamu [Yacharam]
Administrative Note: An agrarian and weaving cluster. Managed high-revenue rice lands and the trade route moving toward the Krishna valley and Nallamda-nadu.
Vikarabad (Musi-nadu under Kandur-mandala)
Ananthagiri-sthala [Vikarabad Hills]
Sthala: Ananthagiri-sthala
Succession: Imperial Temple Registry
Forts: Ananthagiri-durga
Grama:
Ananthagiri [Ananthagiri],
Dharuru [Dharur]
Administrative Note: The "Holy Source." This sthala managed the sacred lands around the headwaters of the Muchukunda river. It served as a spiritual and military lookout over the western descent.
Parigi-sthala [Pargi]
Sthala: Parigi-sthala
Grama:
Parigi [Pargi],
Kodamallu [Kodangal area]
Administrative Note: Western gateway. This sthala was a vital troop-marshalling center. The Sthalakarana recorded the movement of horse-traders coming from the coast through the plateau.
Mommula-sthala [Mominpet]
Sthala: Mommula-sthala
Grama:
Mommula [Mominpet],
Marapallu [Marpalle]
Administrative Note: Frontier agricultural unit. Managed the black soil tracts that produced dry-land grains for the western garrisons of Prataparudra Devulu.
Sangareddy (Musi-nadu under Kandur-mandala)
Kondapura-sthala
Sthala: Kondapura-sthala
Succession: Imperial Niyogi Registry
Grama:
Kondapura,
Sangampalli [Sangareddy],
Patan-cheruvulu [Patancheru]
Administrative Note: The ancient trade node of the western plateau. Patan-cheruvulu functioned as a major collection point for temple Manya (tax-free) lands. Sangampalli was a secondary settlement near the Manjira river junction.
Ammadapura-sthala
Sthala: Ammadapura-sthala
Forts: Andolu-kota
Grama:
Andolu,
Koti-lingala
Administrative Note: Northern defense node of the Manjira basin. This sthala controlled the flow of forest produce and iron ore from the northern tracts toward the capital.
Narayankhera-sthala
Sthala: Narayankhera-sthala
Grama:
Narayankhera [Narayankhed],
Kalheru [Kalher]
Administrative Note: The Western Frontier Shield. It managed the collection of Pullari (grazing tax) from the forest-dwellers and monitored border incursions from the Karnata territories.
Manuru-sthala
Sthala: Manuru-sthala
Succession: Imperial Niyogi Registry
Grama:
Manuru,
Timmapura,
Pulkurthi
Administrative Note: A primary agricultural unit on the western bank of the Manjira. This sthala was responsible for regulating the Dasabandha (tank maintenance) systems for the local Cheruvulu.
Medak District (Methuku-70 / under Kollipaka, Sabbi Mandala)
Manur-sthala
Sthala: Manur-sthala
Grama:
Manur,
Koraprolu,
Edupayalu,
Kuchanapalli
Local Ruler / Official: Madayaraddi (Lord of Panungapura)
Administrative Note: Comprised 12 villages under Kakatiya oversight. Temple-centered administration (Somanatha) with astadasa praja consent. Gifts and remission of taxes recorded in inscriptions (Duddeda & Pangupura, 1296 AD).
Sources: Indian Archaeology 1999–2000, p.145; Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh, Medak District, 2001, pp.235–236.
Sources: Indian Archaeology 1999–2000, p.145; Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh, Medak District, 2001, pp.235–236.
Tekmal-sthala
Sthala: Tekmal-sthala
Grama:
Tekmal,
Papannapeta,
Tekumbeda
Local Ruler / Official: Puravari Mahadeva Nayaka (Mahapradhani)
Administrative Note: Land-tax income remitted to God Bhoganatha. Managed with consent of 18 communities. Temple and fiscal administration attested in inscriptions (1308 AD).
Sources: Corpus of Inscriptions in the Telangana Districts, Part II, 2017, pp.166–167,198; Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh, Medak District, 2001, pp.237–238.
Sources: Corpus of Inscriptions in the Telangana Districts, Part II, 2017, pp.166–167,198; Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh, Medak District, 2001, pp.237–238.
Ramayampet-sthala
Sthala: Ramayampet-sthala
Grama:
Ramayampet,
Narayanraopet
Local Ruler / Official: Village Niyogi / Temple Administrators
Administrative Note: Maintained irrigation tanks and agrarian revenue; temple-centered fiscal administration. Donations and tax remission recorded in 1311–1312 AD inscriptions.
Sources: Indian Archaeology 1985–1986, p.92; Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh, Medak District, 2001, pp.237–239.
Sources: Indian Archaeology 1985–1986, p.92; Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh, Medak District, 2001, pp.237–239.
Panungapura-sthala
Sthala: Panungapura-sthala
Grama:
Panungapura [Pangupaura],
Duddeda
Local Ruler / Official: Madayaraddi (Lord of Panungapura)
Administrative Note: Northern Medak villages under local elite Madayaraddi. Tax income (addavatta-sumkamu) donated to God Svayambhudeva at Duddeda. Temple-centered units under Kakatiya oversight.
Sources: Indian Archaeology 1999–2000, p.145; Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh, Medak District, 2001, pp.235–236.
Sources: Indian Archaeology 1999–2000, p.145; Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh, Medak District, 2001, pp.235–236.
Siddipet District (Methuku-70 / under Kollipaka, Sabbi Mandala)
Siddhapura-sthala [Siddipet]
Sthala: Siddhapura-sthala
Grama:
Siddhapura,
Pulluru,
Bakri-Chapyala
Local Ruler / Official: Village Niyogi / Temple Administrators
Administrative Note: Temple-centered sthāla with local elite overseeing revenue. Tax remission and donations to Siddheshwara temple recorded in inscriptions. Managed irrigation and agrarian productivity.
Sources: Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh, Medak District, 2001, pp.237–238.
Sources: Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh, Medak District, 2001, pp.237–238.
Cheriyala-sthala [Cherial]
Sthala: Cheriyala-sthala
Grama:
Cheriyala,
Komuravelli
Artisans / Guilds: Nakashi / Pekkamdru
Local Ruler / Official: Temple Administrators
Administrative Note: Cultural and artisan hub. Nakashi artisans and merchant guilds (Pekkamdru) contributed to local economy. Temple administration of Mallikarjuna at Komuravelli recorded in inscriptions.
Sources: Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh, Medak District, 2001, pp.238–239.
Sources: Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh, Medak District, 2001, pp.238–239.
Gajuvelli-sthala [Gajwel]
Sthala: Gajuvelli-sthala
Grama:
Gajuvelli,
Pragnapura,
Tuprana [Toopran]
Local Ruler / Official: Village Niyogi / Temple Administrators
Administrative Note: Strategic sthāla overseeing northern routes. Temple-related revenue and community consent (astadasa praja) recorded in inscriptions. Gajuvelli-kota served as fort; Pragnapura and Tuprana contributed to fiscal administration.
Sources: Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh, Medak District, 2001, pp.238–239.
Sources: Inscriptions of Andhra Pradesh, Medak District, 2001, pp.238–239.
Kamareddy (Gandhari-Sima under Sabbi-mandala)
Kolas-sthala [Kaulas]
Sthala: Kolas-sthala
Succession: Imperial Frontier Guard Registry
Forts: Kolas-durgam
Grama:
Kolas,
Birakura [Birkur],
Madnuru [Madnoor]
Local Rulers / Feudatories: Viriyala Sura (under Rudramadevi), responsible for grants at Vinayakapura / Purusottama temple)
Administrative Note: The Frontier Pivot. Kolas-durgam was the primary Pratyanta-durga (frontier fort). Under Prataparudra, it functioned as the supreme command for the western border, housing a permanent garrison of Nayaka cavalry.
Gandhari-sthala
Sthala: Gandhari-sthala
Succession: Imperial Military Registry
Forts: Gandhari-durgam
Grama:
Gandhari,
Bhikkanuru [Bhiknoor]
Local Rulers / Feudatories: Gumdaya, Ponnayarya (Bandaramesvarapalli grants to Ramanatha, under Rudramadevi)
Administrative Note: The Northern Sentinel. Gandhari-durgam was a massive stone fortification. The sthala was famous for its Maisamma and Siva shrines, often receiving land grants from the Lenkas (loyal guards) of the Kakatiya throne.
Domakomda-sthala
Sthala: Domakomda-sthala
Forts: Domakomda-kota
Grama:
Domakomda,
Kamapura [Kamareddy area]
Local Rulers / Feudatories: Malliraju (Yadaram grant for Sriparvatanadha rituals under Rudramadevi)
Administrative Note: A strategic transit point. Domakomda served as a fortified supply depot for the imperial armies moving north toward Induru.
Yellapura-sthala
Sthala: Yellapura-sthala
Grama:
Yellapura [Yellareddy],
Bamvada [Banswada]
Local Rulers / Feudatories: Racha Mallaya Reddi / Racerla Mallayareddi (Kupriyal land grant to Nilakanthesvara, under Rudramadevi)
Administrative Note: The "Western Reach." This sthala managed the fertile black soil lands along the border of the Manjira basin, focusing on forest-clearing and new agricultural settlements.
Ramesvarapalli-sthala
Sthala: Ramesvarapalli
Forts / Temple: Siva Temple Pillar
Local Rulers / Feudatories: Ugrapaya of Suddagangunandu (perpetual lamp endowment, under Prataparudra)
Administrative Note: Early 14th-century record (A.D. 1311). Confirms late Kakatiya religious patronage and village-level administration under Prataparudra from Oruganti.
Kotagiri-sthala
Sthala: Kotagiri
Medium: Copper Plate (3 plates)
Local Rulers / Feudatories: Viriyala Sura (grant to 15 Brahmanas, Purusottama temple, under Rudramadevi)
Date: 31st December A.D. 1264
Administrative Note: Early Kakatiya period inscription showing active royal patronage, religious endowments, and the role of subordinate feudatories in village administration.
Nizamabad (Induru-Sima under Sabbi-mandala)
Induru-sthala
Sthala: Induru-sthala
Succession: Imperial Niyogi Registry
Forts: Induru-durgam
Grama:
Induru [Nizamabad],
Dichapalli,
Navipeta
Local Rulers / Feudatories: Gumdaya and Ponnayarya (grant of Pinna Velupu Komda to Ramanatha, under Rudramadevi)
Administrative Note: The Northern Pillar. Named after the Indreshwara temple. This sthala managed the main trade route for merchants bringing horses and fine cloth from the northern kingdoms into Telingana.
Bodhanamu-sthala [Bodhan / Birkor]
Sthala: Bodhanamu-sthala
Legacy: Paudanya-pura Registry
Grama:
Bodhanamu,
Birkor,
Renjala,
Yedapalli
Local Rulers / Feudatories: Surya / Samanta Surya of the Viryala family (grant of Vainayaka-puri to 15 Brahmanas and Purusottama temple, under Rudramamba/Rudramadevi)
Administrative Note: An ancient spiritual hub. Recorded as Bodhanamu (Podana), it was a major center for Shaiva and Brahmana endowments, managing fertile tracts near the Godavari and Manjira confluence. The copper plate grants highlight Kakatiya-era temple patronage.
Armuru-sthala
Sthala: Armuru-sthala
Forts: Navanatha-gutta
Grama:
Armuru [Armoor],
Balkomda [Balkonda]
Local Rulers / Feudatories: Gumdaya (Bandarameshwarpalle / Ramanatha temple grant under Rudramadevi)
Administrative Note: The "Rock Fortress" zone. Managed the rocky high ground and provided the Giri-rakshakas (hill guards) for the passes leading to the Godavari river crossings.
Kotagiri-sthala
Sthala: Kotagiri
Medium: Copper Plate (3 plates)
Grama: Vinayakapura
Local Rulers / Feudatories: Viriyala Sura (grant to 15 Brahmanas of Purusottama temple, under Rudramadevi, 1264)
Date: 31st December A.D. 1264
Administrative Note: Early Kakatiya copper plate record demonstrating religious patronage and the role of feudatories in village administration.
Nirmal (Induru-sima under Sabbi-mandala)
Nirmala-sthala
Sthala: Nirmala-sthala
Succession: Imperial Ordnance Registry
Forts: Nirmala-durgam
Grama:
Nirmala,
Lakshettipeta
Administrative Note: The Iron Forge. Nirmala was the center for Wootz steel production. The Sthalakarana here oversaw the smelting furnaces and the artisan guilds who crafted the Ayudha (weapons) for the imperial Lenkas.
Vasapura/Basara-sthala
Sthala: Basara-sthala
Succession: Temple Dharmik Registry
Grama:
Vyasapuri,
Mudhole
Administrative Note: The River Gateway. Home to the Gnana Saraswati shrine. This sthala controlled the primary ferry across the Godavari. It was a tax-exempt Agrahara zone where scholars and scribes maintained the imperial records.
Kamana-sthala [Khanapur area]
Sthala: Kamana-sthala
Resources: Imperial Forest & Timber Registry
Grama:
Kamana,
Kadammu [Kadam]
Administrative Note: The Timber Depot. This unit managed the logging of teak from the Sahyadri foothills. The Kadammu river was utilized to float logs down to the Godavari for transport to the capital.
Adilabad (Sirpura-sima under Sabbi-mandala)
Edulabad-sthala
Sthala: Edulabad-sthala
Succession: Imperial Forest Registry
Grama:
Edulabad [Adilabad],
Utluru [Utnoor],
Inder-velli
Administrative Note: The Northern Wilderness. Recorded as Edulabad (derived from Edulu, referring to the local forest palms or flora). This sthala was responsible for the capture and training of war-elephants for the Gaja-sahini (Commander of Elephants).
Boath-sthala
Sthala: Boath-sthala
Grama:
Boath,
Ichoda
Administrative Note: High-ground outpost. This sthala managed the transit of iron-ore from the northern hills toward the armories in Nirmala.
Kumuram Bheem (Sirpura-sima under Sabbi-mandala)
Sirapura-sthala
Sthala: Sirapura-sthala
Succession: Imperial Frontier Registry
Forts: Sirapura-kota
Grama:
Sirapura [Sirpur],
Goundavaramu
Administrative Note: The River Sentinel. Sirapura was the main administrative seat for the northeastern forest tracts. It monitored the Pranahita river crossings and managed the tribute paid by forest chieftains.
Rebbena-sthala
Sthala: Rebbena-sthala
Grama:
Rebbena,
Tiryani
Administrative Note: The Forest Pass. This sthala controlled the valleys leading into the interior highlands. The Sthalakarana recorded the extraction of iron-bearing earth and timber for transport south.
Jodughattu-sthala
Sthala: Jodughattu-sthala
Grama:
Jodughattu [Jodeghat area],
Kerameri
Administrative Note: Highland Watch. This unit managed the high ridges of the Sahyadri range. It was a site for capturing wild elephants and collecting forest-honey for the imperial household.
Mancherial (Sirpura-sima under Sabbi-mandala)
Manchiryala-sthala
Sthala: Manchiryala-sthala
Succession: Imperial Riverine Registry
Grama:
Manchiryala,
Lakshettipeta [Luxettipet],
Gandhari [Bokka-lavagu area]
Administrative Note: The River Port. Manchiryala was the central depot for teakwood floating down from the northern Vanas. The Sthalakarana here managed the Sunka (customs duty) on river trade.
Chennuru-sthala
Sthala: Chennuru-sthala
Forts: Chennuru-kota
Grama:
Chennuru,
Kotapalli
Administrative Note: The Northern Watch. Chennuru was a fortified town on the Godavari bank. It was famous for its ancient Shaivite shrines and served as a high-security checkpoint for messengers coming from the Sirapura frontier.
Belampalli-sthala
Sthala: Belampalli-sthala
Grama:
Belampalli,
Mandamarri
Administrative Note: Mineral extraction unit. While coal was not known in the 14th century, this sthala was recorded for its limestone and surface minerals used in the construction of Anumakonda temples.
Jagtial (Sabbi-nadu)
Jagityala-sthala
Sthala: Jagityala-sthala
Succession: Imperial Military Registry
Grama:
Jagityala [Jagtial],
Balakomda [Balkonda]
Administrative Note: A central node of the Sabbi-nadu. This unit was responsible for managing the movement of military supplies between Induru and Orumgallu.
Dharmapuri-sthala
Sthala: Dharmapuri-sthala
Succession: Brahminical Agrahara Registry
Grama:
Dharmapuri,
Rayapatnamu [Rayapatnam]
Administrative Note: The "City of Dharma." A major Agrahara (scholarly settlement) on the banks of the Godavari. It served as a spiritual center and a primary river ferry crossing for northern trade.
Koratla-sthala
Sthala: Koratla-sthala
Grama:
Koratla,
Metpalli
Administrative Note: An industrial hub of the 14th century. This sthala was famous for its oil-pressers and weavers, providing high Pannu (tax) revenue to the imperial treasury.
Peddapalli (Sabbi-nadu)
Ramagiri-sthala
Sthala: Ramagiri-sthala
Forts: Ramagiri-durgam
Grama:
Ramagiri,
Begampalli [Begumpet/Sultanabad area]
Administrative Note: The "Invincible Rock." Ramagiri-durgam controlled northeastern trade routes and managed iron-smelting clusters for the Lenkas.
Manthena-sthala [Manthani]
Sthala: Manthena-sthala
Succession: Brahminical Agrahara Registry
Grama:
Manthena,
Gunjapadugu
Historical Note: Also called Mantrapuri. A major Agrahara settlement on the Godavari banks. Temple patronage by Gopinatha installed the deity Mantrakuṭa-Gopinatha. A center of Vedic scholars advising the court on Dharmashastra.
Peddapalli-sthala
Sthala: Peddapalli-sthala
Grama:
Peddapalli
Historical Note: The "Great Village." A major commercial node connecting Godavari trade with routes to Anumakonda.
Pratapagiri-sthala
Sthala: Pratapagiri-sthala
Grama:
Pratapagiri
Historical Note: Fortified site constructed under Ganapatideva by Muchchanayaka (titles: Iruvettuganda, Gandagopala, etc.). Temple of Vishnu-Krishna installed; associated deity: Mantra Kuta-Gopijana Vallabha.
Mydaram-sthala
Sthala: Mydaram-sthala
Grama:
Mydaram
Historical Note: Inscriptions from Rudradeva (1176–77) and Ganapatideva periods. Records gifts to Kesavadeva, Prolesvaradeva, Trikuta temple. Patrons include Bamdi Brammenayaka and Medaraja. Under Kakatiya administration.
Khammampalli-sthala
Sthala: Khammampalli-sthala
Grama:
Khammampalli
Historical Note: Shiva temple with land grants by Rajaguru Visvesvara Sivacharya. Grants for feeding brahmanas and ascetics. Also connected with Visvanatha-matha at Chandravelli. Under Ganapatideva, Kakatiya.
Yelgedu-sthala
Sthala: Yelgedu-sthala
Grama:
Yelgedu
Historical Note: Gift of local taxes (pannu, kanika, katnamu) and remission of pullari on milch animals as vritti to Ramanathadeva by the queen of Prataparudradeva (1301 A.D., Kakatiya period).
Sircilla (Sabbi-nadu)
Sirishala-sthala [Sircilla]
Sthala: Sirishala-sthala
Succession: Imperial Guild Registry
Grama:
Sirishala [Sircilla],
Tangallapalli
Administrative Note: The Weaver's Hub. Recorded in inscriptions as Sirishala (meaning "Place of Prosperity"). It was the primary center for the production of cotton fabrics managed by the Salivahana guilds for the court at Orumgallu.
Lemulavada-sthala [Vemulavada]
Sthala: Lemulavada-sthala
Succession: Temple Administrative Board
Grama:
Lemulavada [Vemulavada],
Chandurthi
Administrative Note: The Spiritual Capital of the West. Famous for the Rajeshwara temple. This sthala was recorded as Lemulavada in stone records and managed vast Devadana (temple-gifted) lands, supporting both Shaivite and Jaina establishments.
Gambhira-sthala [Gambhiraopet]
Sthala: Gambhira-sthala
Grama:
Gambhira [Gambhiraopet],
Mustabadu [Mustabad]
Administrative Note: Frontier agricultural unit. Managed the deep-water tanks and forest-clearing operations along the border with the Metuku-Sima (Medak region).
Karimnagar (Sabbi-nadu)
Elagamdala-sthala
Sthala: Elagamdala-sthala
Succession: Imperial Provincial Registry
Forts: Elagamdala-durgam
Grama:
Elagamdala [Elgandal],
Kariminagara,
Kottapalli
Administrative Note: The Military Capital of Sabbi-nadu. Elagamdala-durgam served as the central garrison. The Sthalakarana here oversaw the Siddhaya (land revenue) of the entire Manair river valley.
Huzurabadu-sthala
Sthala: Huzurabadu-sthala
Grama:
Huzurabadu,
Jammikunta,
Kamalapura
Administrative Note: A major grain-producing unit. This sthala was dominated by massive Cheruvulu (tanks) commissioned by the Reddi-nayakas and local Lenkas to support the capital's food security.
Chappidi-sthala [Choppadandi]
Sthala: Chappidi-sthala
Grama:
Chappidi,
Gangadhara
Administrative Note: Known for its stone-working guilds. The sthala provided skilled artisans for the construction of the imperial temples and the fortification walls of the Sabbi-nadu.
Matiya-sthala
Sthala: Matiya-sthala
Grama:
Nagunur,
Nearby Saliya Settlements
Administrative Note: A sacred site historically associated with the Saliya weaver community. Donations were made here during the reign of Ganapatideva (Kakatiya dynasty, 1228 A.D.). Considered under the jurisdiction of Karimnagar district in historical records.
Mulugu (Paka-nadu under Sabbi-mandala
Ramappa-sthala [Palampeta]
Sthala: Ramappa-sthala
Local Ruler: Recharla-Nayaka
Grama:
Palampeta,
Mulugu,
Nallamta
Administrative Note: Managed the lands of the Ramalingeshwara temple. Mulugu acted as a primary transit-grama and watch-station overseeing Dasabandha irrigation works of the Ramappa-cheruvu.
Lakhnavaramu-sthala
Sthala: Lakhnavaramu-sthala
Local Ruler: Feudatory under Recharla-Nayaka
Grama:
Lakhnavaramu,
Govindaraopeta
Administrative Note: Centered around the Lakhnavaramu tank. Provided Siddhaya (grain tax) for the Nayankara units stationed along the Godavari border.
Eturunagaramu-sthala
Sthala: Eturunagaramu-sthala
Local Ruler: Forest guardians under Sabbi-nadu administration
Forts: Vana-durgam
Grama:
Eturunagaramu,
Medaramu [Medaram]
Administrative Note: Managed sacred forest tracts. Medaramu served as a ritual and resource hub for forest products like honey, wax, and timber in exchange for salt and iron.
Jayashankar Bhupalpally (Paka-nadu under Sabbi-mandala)
Ghanapura-sthala
Sthala: Ghanapura-sthala
Local Ruler: Feudatory under Kakatiya Nayankara
Grama:
Ghanapura [Ghanpur],
Bhupalapalli
Administrative Note: Centered around Kota-Gullu (fort-temples) and Ghanapura-cheruvu. Served as a key grain storage and army supply hub.
Mogullapalli-sthala
Sthala: Mogullapalli-sthala
Local Ruler: Feudatory of Sabbi-mandala
Grama:
Mogullapalli,
Chityala
Administrative Note: Transit hub for the Sabbi-nadu route. Maintained cart tracks for iron and timber trade from Mahadevapuram forests to capital foundries.
Mahadevapuramu-sthala
Sthala: Mahadevapuramu-sthala
Local Ruler: Feudatory under Kakatiya central administration
Forts: Prataparudra-kota
Grama:
Mahadevapuramu,
Kaleshwaramu [Kaleshwaram]
Administrative Note: Managed sacred confluence at Kaleshwaramu. Key military intelligence post monitoring Kalinga and Seuna borders.
Mahabubabad (Kuravi-sima under Kandur-mandala)
Manukota-sthala
Sthala: Manukota-sthala
Succession: Imperial Forest-Fort Registry
Forts: Manukota-durgam
Grama:
Manukota [Mahabubabad],
Gumuduru [Gudur],
Administrative Note: The Forest Sentinel. Recorded as Manukota, this sthala managed the teak-rich valleys. The Sthalakarana recorded the Pullari (grazing tax) and monitored the forest passes leading to the southern plains.
Kuravi-sthala
Sthala: Kuravi-sthala
Succession: Temple Administrative Board
Grama:
Kuravi,
Dornakallu [Dornakal]
Administrative Note: An ancient spiritual hub. Kuravi was famous for the Veerabhadra Swamy temple, which received extensive land grants (Devadana) from the Kakatiya rulers. It served as a cultural node for the warrior classes.
Garla-sthala
Sthala: Garla-sthala
Grama:
Garla,
Bayyaramu [Bayyaram]
Administrative Note: Mining and Irrigation unit. This sthala managed the iron-ore deposits of the Bayyaramu hills. The local Bayyaramu Cheruvu (tank) was a major engineering feat of the imperial family.
Palamvacha (Paka-nadu Frontier)
Palamvacha-sthala [Paloncha]
Sthala: Palamvacha-sthala
Succession: Imperial Forest Guard Registry
Forts: Palamvacha-durgam
Grama:
Palamvacha,
Suvarnagiri [Kothagudem area]
Administrative Note: The Iron & Timber Gate. Recorded as Palamvacha, this sthala was the collection point for high-grade iron ore and teak from the eastern ghats. The Nayakas here were specialists in forest warfare, guarding the routes against the Kalinga incursions.
Bhadradri-sthara [Bhadrachalam]
Sthala: Bhadradri-sthara
Category: Punyasthala (Sacred Station)
Grama:
Bhadradri,
Parnasala,
Dummu-gudemu
Administrative Note: The River Sanctuary. While primarily a place of pilgrimage on the Godavari, it served as a vital ferry point. The Sthalakarana monitored the movements of pilgrims and forest tribes, ensuring the Manya (tax-free) status of the temple lands.
Pinapaka-sthala
Sthala: Pinapaka-sthala
Grama:
Pinapaka,
Manuguru
Administrative Note: The Marshland Reach. This sthala managed the agricultural settlements along the riverbanks, specializing in flood-resistant crops and providing scouts for the river-watch units.
Khammam (Paka-nadu)
Stambhadri-sthala [Khammam]
Sthala: Stambhadri-sthala
Succession: Imperial Nayankara Registry
Forts: Stambhadri-giri-durgam
Grama:
Stambhadri,
Chintakani,
Pallewada [Palair]
Administrative Note: The Monolith Fortress. Recorded as Stambhadri (Pillar-Hill). This sthala was a top-tier military command. The Nayakas stationed here were responsible for the "Deep Defense" of the empire, monitoring the movements from the eastern coast.
Nelakondapalli-sthala
Sthala: Nelakondapalli-sthala
Category: Puratana-Agrahara (Ancient Scholarly Hub)
Grama:
Nelakondapalli,
Mudirajupalli
Administrative Note: The Heritage Node. An ancient site with Buddhist and Brahmanical foundations. Under the Kakatiyas, it functioned as a center for the Sthalakarnas who managed the land records of the southern Paka-nadu.
Madhira-sthala
Sthala: Madhira-sthala
Interface: Kammavali-nadu Border
Grama:
Madhira,
Wyra [Vira]
Administrative Note: The Border Outpost. This sthala controlled the fertile plains between the Munneru and Vira (Wyra) rivers. It served as a vital supply depot for the cavalry units moving toward the Krishna river basin.
Suryapet (Paka-nadu)
Phanigiri-sthala
Sthala: Phanigiri-sthala
Succession: Imperial Revenue Registry
Grama:
Phanigiri,
Tirumalagiri
Administrative Note: The "Snake Hill." A strategic high-ground unit. Phanigiri was a center for religious activity and served as a vantage point for monitoring the southern highways leading toward the Nalgomda region.
Amtaluru-sthala [Athmakur]
Sthala: Amtaluru-sthala
Grama:
Amtaluru,
Mothey
Administrative Note: Agrarian Hub. This sthala managed the extensive irrigation tanks that supported the rice cultivation required for the imperial stores. The Sthalakarana recorded high Siddhaya (fixed tax) from these fertile units.
Pillalamarri-sthala
Sthala: Pillalamarri-sthala
Temple Management: Recharla-Nayaka Registry
Grama:
Pillalamarri,
Suryapura [Suryapet area]
Administrative Note: The Pillar of the Recharla. This was a prestigious administrative and temple site. The Erakeshwara and Nameshwara temples here received vast Devadana grants, serving as the cultural heart of the district.
Nalgonda (Nilagiri-Sima)
Nilagiri-sthala
Sthala: Nilagiri-sthala
Succession: Imperial Niyogi Registry
Forts: Nilagiri-durgam
Grama:
Nilagiri [Nalgonda],
Pamugalmu [Pangidi]
Administrative Note: The "Blue Hill." Recorded as Nilagiri in stone inscriptions. This sthala was a major administrative hub managing the southern transit routes. The fort atop the hill served as a regional treasury and grain silo.
Devarakomda-sthala
Sthala: Devarakomda-sthala
Forts: Devarakomda-kota
Grama:
Devarakomda,
Chamduru
Administrative Note: The Highland Fortress. Managed by the Recharla-Nayakas. This sthala controlled the rugged terrain leading to the Krishna river crossings and was a center for high-altitude livestock grazing.
Palamuru (Rukmamandala-Sima)
Palamuru-sthala
Sthala: Palamuru-sthala
Succession: Imperial Military Registry
Grama:
Palamuru [Mahabubnagar],
Manyamkomda
Administrative Note: The "Milk Village." Recorded as Palamuru, it was a major center for livestock and dairy production for the imperial cavalry stationed in the western marches.
Jadcherla-sthala
Sthala: Jadcherla-sthala
Merchant Guild: Pekkamdru Registry
Grama:
Gangapuramu,
Gollapalli
Administrative Note: The Trading Node. Gangapuramu (near Jadcherla) was a prominent temple town and market. It was a primary stop for Sartavahas (caravan leaders) moving between Orumgallu and the southern **Raichuru** plains.
Kalvakurti-sthala
Sthala: Kalvakurti-sthala
Grama:
Kalvakurti,
Vemulapalli
Administrative Note: Frontier Agricultural Unit. This sthala focused on the "Dry-land Farming" system. The Sthalakarana here was responsible for collecting the Siddhaya tax in the form of millets and pulses.
Wanaparthy District (Vardhamanapura-Sima under Kandur-nadu)
Vardhamanapura-sthala [Vaddamanu]
Sthala: Vardhamanapura-sthala
Succession: Nayaka Chieftain Registry
Forts: Vardhamanapura-kota
Grama:
Vardhamanapura,
Vanaparthi,
Kottakota
Administrative Note: The Regional Pivot of Vardhamanapura-Sima. Recorded in inscriptions as a key **frontier unit under Kandur-mandala**, it served as the base for local Nayaka lineages. It managed river crossings, trade routes, and collection of tolls along the **Krishna tributaries** toward the southern territories.
Panamu-sthala [Panyam / Panagal area]
Sthala: Panamu-sthala
Grama:
Panamu,
Ammapalli
Administrative Note: High-Revenue unit. Managed **Dasabandha irrigation tanks** and grain storage, ensuring supplies for local garrisons and temple provisions. Recorded in Kakatiya inscriptions as a key agrarian and fiscal node of Vardhamanapura-Sima.
Atmakuru-sthala
Sthala: Atmakuru-sthala
Grama:
Atmakuru,
Peddagudem
Administrative Note: Strategic transit and grain inspection post. Oversaw ferry services and collection of **Sunka (tolls)** on local waterways. Inscriptions note the coordination with Nayaka officials and temple authorities for transport of provisions and agricultural produce.
Narayanpet District (Kandur-nadu)
Makhtala-sthala [Maganooru area]
Sthala: Makhtala / Magatala
Dynasties: Yadava (Ramachandra, 1294–1295 CE), Kakatiya (Prataparudra, 1297–1321 CE)
Forts: Makhtala-durga
Grama:
Makhtala,
Maganooru [Maganoor],
Kosagi
Administrative Note: Makhtala served as a key administrative and military center. Under the Yadavas, Sthanu Chamupati oversaw local grants including Gennenayakapalli village (1295 CE). Shortly after, the Khalji or Khilji raids on Devagiri may have temporarily affected the area. During Kakatiya rule, local officers such as Gundaya Nayaka and Madaya Reddy managed temple administration, military service, and tax collection from soldiers and officers. The Nadi-durga (river fort) protected Krishna river crossings and controlled strategic routes.
Narayanapure-sthala
Sthala: Narayanapure-sthala
Guild / Economy: Salivahana (weaver) guilds supplying cloth to Orumgallu; cotton collection from neighboring black-soil farms
Grama:
Narayanapure,
Utkuru [Utkoor]
Administrative Note: Weaver’s Outpost. Inscriptions record Narayanapure as a hub for the Salivahana guilds providing textiles to the Orumgallu court. It also served as a collection and storage point for cotton from neighboring Ieeza-sthala.
Damaragidda-sthala
Sthala: Damaragidda-sthala
Grama:
Damaragidda,
Kosagi
Administrative Note: Frontier Watch. Inscriptions confirm that Nayakas here monitored horse-trails and military movements from the west, alerting the Palamuru command to any developments from the Raichur plains. This unit also oversaw local resources and temple grants.
Modern Context: Today, Makthal, Maganoor, Kosagi, and Utkoor fall under Narayanpet District, Telangana
Nagarkurnool (Srisaila-Sima under Kandur-mandala)
Nagarapure-sthala [Nagarkurnool]
Sthala: Nagarapure-sthala
Succession: Imperial Livestock & Revenue Registry
Grama:
Nagarapure,
Bijinepalli,
Kallur
Administrative Note: Plateau and livestock hub. Nagarapure oversaw cattle-breeding, grazing tax (Pullari), and managed grain flows between the plains and Nallamala hills.
Kollapura-sthala [Kollapur]
Sthala: Kollapura-sthala
Forts: Jatprole-kota
Grama:
Kollapura,
Jatprole,
Somasila,
Bheemaram
Administrative Note: Krishna river guardian. Controlled ferry points, river cliffs, and ferry tax. Somasila and Bheemaram were key spiritual and trade stops. Imperial Dharmik officers supervised temples and pilgrimage logistics.
Achampeta-sthala [Amrabad]
Sthala: Achampeta-sthala
Forts: Prataparudra-kota
Grama:
Achampeta,
Amrabhadu [Amrabad],
Chinnagundlapalli
Administrative Note: Forest and tribal frontier. Managed Chenchu tribal settlements, northern pilgrim paths to Srisailam, and the Amrabad plateau. Served as a strategic watch-post for military movements in the Nallamala forests.
Jogulamba Gadwal District(Ayija-nadu / Aije-300 under Raichur Doab)
Ayija-sthala
Sthala: Ayija-sthala [Alampur]
Succession: Imperial Frontier Nayaka Registry
Grama:
Ayija,
Maldakal,
Jogulamba
Administrative Note:
Southern frontier division of Kandur-mandala, with Alampur as the ritual and fiscal nucleus of
Ayija-nadu (Aije-300). Administration extended beyond the Tungabhadra into
present-day Karnataka, incorporating frontier and agrarian sthālas such as
Rāyacūru (Raichur), Sindanūru (Sindhanur),
Manneya (Manvi), Lingasugūru (Lingsugur), and the
Maski–Devadurga belt.
These Karnataka sthālas formed the southern and western revenue zone of Ayija-300 and supplied grain, cavalry, and land income to Alampur temples (Jogulamba–Balabrahmeśvara complex). The Sthalakarana coordinated temple land records, irrigation (cheruvulu), toll collection on Tungabhadra routes, and frontier garrison logistics, reflecting Ayija’s role as a trans-regional administrative unit rather than a confined local nadu.
These Karnataka sthālas formed the southern and western revenue zone of Ayija-300 and supplied grain, cavalry, and land income to Alampur temples (Jogulamba–Balabrahmeśvara complex). The Sthalakarana coordinated temple land records, irrigation (cheruvulu), toll collection on Tungabhadra routes, and frontier garrison logistics, reflecting Ayija’s role as a trans-regional administrative unit rather than a confined local nadu.
Inscriptional Footnote: Units of Governance
Sthala: An intermediate administrative unit found in the shasanas of the Kakatiya period. It typically functioned as a sub-district cluster for revenue and civil records under the oversight of a Sthalakarana.
Grama: The basic village unit. Classified by function in contemporary records: Vartaka-vada (Trade center), Sasya-grama (Fertile/Agricultural), Agrahara (Scholar settlement), and Devasvam (Endowed to deity).
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