Part VI: The State Governments
Lays down the structure, powers, and functions of the government at the State level. This part is largely a parallel to Part V (The Union Government), detailing the executive (Governor, Chief Minister, Council of Ministers), the legislature (State Legislature), the judiciary (High Courts), and the Advocate-General for the State.
Chapter I: The Executive (The Governor)
Definition of "State"
For the purposes of Part VI, unless the context otherwise requires, the term "State" does not include the State of Jammu and Kashmir. This definition specifies the scope of application for the provisions in this part.
Governors of States
Establishes that there shall be a Governor for each State. The same person can be appointed as Governor for two or more States. The Governor is the constitutional head of the state and represents the President at the state level.
Executive power of State
The executive power of the State shall be vested in the Governor and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution.
Appointment of Governor
The Governor of a State is appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal. Unlike the President, the Governor is not elected but is appointed, usually for a term of five years, though they serve at the pleasure of the President.
Term of office of Governor
The Governor shall hold office during the pleasure of the President. He may resign his office by writing addressed to the President. The normal term is five years but he continues to hold office until his successor enters upon his office.
Qualifications for appointment as Governor
A person to be eligible for appointment as Governor must be a citizen of India and have completed the age of 35 years. He cannot be a member of either House of Parliament or of a State Legislature.
Conditions of Governor's office
The Governor shall not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of the Legislature of any State. He is entitled to emoluments, allowances and privileges as may be determined by Parliament.
Oath or affirmation by the Governor
Every Governor and every person discharging the functions of the Governor shall, before entering upon his office, make and subscribe an oath or affirmation in the presence of the Chief Justice of the High Court.
Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies
The President may make such provision as he thinks fit for the discharge of the functions of the Governor of a State in any contingency not provided for in this Chapter.
Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc.
The Governor of a State has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the State extends.
Extent of executive power of State
Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of the State has power to make laws.
Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor
There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except where he is required to act in his discretion. The advice is binding, similar to the Union executive.
Other provisions as to Ministers
Details the appointment of the Chief Minister and other Ministers by the Governor, the principle of collective responsibility of the Council of Ministers to the Legislative Assembly of the State, and the oath of office and secrecy to be taken by Ministers.
Advocate-General for the State
(1) The Governor of each State shall appoint a person who is qualified to be appointed a Judge of a High Court to be Advocate-General for the State.
(2) It shall be the duty of the Advocate-General to give advice to the Government of the State upon such legal matters, and to perform such other duties of a legal character, as may from time to time be referred or assigned to him by the Governor, and to discharge the functions conferred on him by or under this Constitution or any other law for the time being in force.
(3) The Advocate-General shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor, and shall receive such remuneration as the Governor may determine.
The Advocate-General is the chief legal advisor to the State government and represents the State in legal matters before the High Court and Supreme Court. He has the right to speak and take part in proceedings of the State Legislature without the right to vote.
Conduct of business of the Government of a State
(1) All executive action of the Government of a State shall be expressed to be taken in the name of the Governor.
(2) Orders and other instruments made and executed in the name of the Governor shall be authenticated in such manner as may be specified in rules to be made by the Governor, and the validity of an order or instrument which is so authenticated shall not be called in question on the ground that it is not an order or instrument made or executed by the Governor.
(3) The Governor shall make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of the Government of the State, and for the allocation among Ministers of the said business in so far as it is not business with respect to which the Governor is by or under this Constitution required to act in his discretion.
These provisions establish the formal framework for how State government business is conducted. The authentication process ensures the validity of official orders, while the Governor's rules provide for efficient administration and allocation of responsibilities among Ministers.
Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.
It shall be the duty of the Chief Minister of each State:
(a) to communicate to the Governor of the State all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the State and proposals for legislation;
(b) to furnish such information relating to the administration of the affairs of the State and proposals for legislation as the Governor may call for; and
(c) if the Governor so requires, to submit for the consideration of the Council of Ministers any matter on which a decision has been taken by a Minister but which has not been considered by the Council.
This article establishes a crucial communication channel between the Council of Ministers and the Governor. It ensures that the Governor, as the constitutional head, is kept informed about the government's decisions and can exercise his advisory role effectively while maintaining the principles of parliamentary democracy.
Chapter II: The State Legislature
Constitution of Legislatures in States
Provides for the legislature of every State, which consists of the Governor and either one House (Legislative Assembly) or two Houses (Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council). States with two Houses are said to have a bicameral legislature.
Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States
Parliament may by law provide for the abolition of the Legislative Council of a State having such a Council or for the creation of such a Council in a State having no such Council, if the Legislative Assembly of the State passes a resolution to that effect.
Composition of the Legislative Assemblies
Details the composition of the Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) of a State. Members are directly elected by the people from territorial constituencies. The total number of seats and their division into constituencies are determined by law.
Composition of the Legislative Councils
Details the composition of the Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) where it exists. Members are partly elected and partly nominated, representing various interests like graduates, teachers, local authorities, and the Legislative Assembly.
Duration of State Legislatures
Every Legislative Assembly shall continue for five years from its first meeting, unless dissolved earlier. The Legislative Council is a permanent body not subject to dissolution, but one-third of its members retire every two years.
Qualification for membership of the State Legislature
A person shall be qualified to be chosen as a member of the Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council if he is a citizen of India, makes and subscribes an oath, and meets the minimum age requirement (25 years for Assembly, 30 years for Council).
Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution
The Governor summons the House or Houses of the Legislature to meet at such time and place as he thinks fit. He may prorogue the Houses or dissolve the Legislative Assembly, similar to the President's powers at the Union level.
Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses
The Governor may address the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council or both Houses assembled together, and may for that purpose require the attendance of members. He may also send messages to the House or Houses.
Special address by the Governor
At the commencement of the first session after each general election to the Legislative Assembly and at the commencement of the first session of each year, the Governor shall address the Legislative Assembly or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, both Houses assembled together and inform the Legislature of the causes of its summons.
Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses
Every Minister and the Advocate-General for a State shall have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the proceedings of, the Legislative Assembly of the State or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, both Houses, and to speak in any committee thereof of which he may be named a member, but shall not, by virtue of this article, be entitled to vote.
The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly
Every Legislative Assembly of a State shall, as soon as may be, choose two members of the Assembly to be respectively Speaker and Deputy Speaker thereof and, so often as the office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker becomes vacant, the Assembly shall choose another member to be Speaker or Deputy Speaker, as the case may be.
Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker
A member holding office as Speaker or Deputy Speaker of an Assembly shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the Assembly. He may at any time resign his office by writing under his hand addressed, if such member is the Speaker, to the Deputy Speaker, and if such member is the Deputy Speaker, to the Speaker. He may be removed from his office by a resolution of the Assembly passed by a majority of all the then members of the Assembly.
Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker
While the office of Speaker is vacant, the duties of the office shall be performed by the Deputy Speaker. During the absence of the Speaker from any sitting of the Assembly, the Deputy Speaker shall act as Speaker. If both are absent, such member of the Assembly as the Assembly may determine shall act as Speaker.
The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration
At any sitting of the Legislative Assembly, while any resolution for the removal of the Speaker from his office is under consideration, the Speaker shall not preside. Similarly, the Deputy Speaker shall not preside when a resolution for his removal is under consideration.
The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council
The Legislative Council of every State having such a Council shall, as soon as may be, choose two members of the Council to be respectively Chairman and Deputy Chairman thereof and, so often as the office of Chairman or Deputy Chairman becomes vacant, the Council shall choose another member to be Chairman or Deputy Chairman, as the case may be.
Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman
A member holding office as Chairman or Deputy Chairman of a Council shall vacate his office if he ceases to be a member of the Council. He may resign by writing under his hand addressed, if such member is the Chairman, to the Deputy Chairman, and if such member is the Deputy Chairman, to the Chairman. He may be removed from his office by a resolution of the Council passed by a majority of all the then members of the Council.
Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman
While the office of Chairman is vacant, the duties of the office shall be performed by the Deputy Chairman. During the absence of the Chairman from any sitting of the Council, the Deputy Chairman shall act as Chairman. If both are absent, such member of the Council as the Council may determine shall act as Chairman.
The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration
At any sitting of the Legislative Council, while any resolution for the removal of the Chairman from his office is under consideration, the Chairman shall not preside. Similarly, the Deputy Chairman shall not preside when a resolution for his removal is under consideration.
Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman
There shall be paid to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, and to the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council, such salaries and allowances as may be respectively fixed by the Legislature of the State by law.
Secretariat of State Legislature
The House or each House of the Legislature of a State shall have a separate secretarial staff. However, the Legislature may by law provide for the creation of posts common to both Houses. The Governor, after consultation with the Speaker or Chairman, makes rules for recruitment and conditions of service of these staff members.
Oath or affirmation by members
Every member of the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council of a State shall, before taking his seat, make and subscribe before the Governor, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule.
Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum
All questions at any sitting of a House of the Legislature of a State shall be determined by a majority of votes of the members present and voting. A House shall have power to act notwithstanding any vacancy in its membership. The quorum to constitute a meeting of a House shall be one-tenth of the total number of members of the House.
Vacation of seats
No person shall be a member of both Houses of the Legislature of a State. A member must vacate his seat if he is disqualified under the Constitution or under any law made by Parliament. A member may also resign his seat by writing under his hand addressed to the Speaker or Chairman.
Disqualifications for membership
A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of the Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council of a State if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or any State, is of unsound mind, is an undischarged insolvent, or is under any acknowledgment of allegiance to a foreign State.
Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members
If any question arises as to whether a member of a House of the Legislature of a State has become subject to any of the disqualifications mentioned in article 191, the question shall be referred for the decision of the Governor and his decision shall be final. However, before giving any decision, the Governor shall obtain the opinion of the Election Commission and shall act according to such opinion.
Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation or when not qualified or when disqualified
If a person sits or votes as a member of the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council of a State before he has complied with the requirements of article 188, or when he knows that he is not qualified or that he is disqualified for membership, he shall be liable in respect of each day on which he so sits or votes to a penalty which may be recovered as a debt due to the State.
Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof
Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to the rules and standing orders regulating the procedure of the Legislature, there shall be freedom of speech in the Legislature of a State. No member shall be liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything said or any vote given by him in the Legislature or any committee thereof. The powers, privileges and immunities of a House and its members shall be such as may from time to time be defined by the Legislature by law.
Salaries and allowances of members
Members of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council of a State shall be entitled to receive such salaries and allowances as may from time to time be determined by the Legislature of the State by law.
Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills
Subject to the provisions of articles 198 and 207 with respect to Money Bills and other financial Bills, a Bill may originate in either House of the Legislature of a State which has a Legislative Council. A Bill shall not be deemed to have been passed by the Houses of the Legislature of a State unless it has been agreed to by both Houses.
Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills
If after a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State having a Legislative Council and transmitted to the Legislative Council, the Council rejects the Bill or proposes amendments that are not acceptable to the Assembly, or if the Council does not pass the Bill within three months, the Assembly may pass the Bill again and present it to the Governor for assent.
Special procedure in respect of Money Bills
A Money Bill shall not be introduced in a Legislative Council. After a Money Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly, it shall be transmitted to the Legislative Council for its recommendations. The Council must return the Bill with its recommendations within fourteen days. The Legislative Assembly may then accept or reject all or any of the recommendations.
Definition of "Money Bills"
For the purposes of this Chapter, a Bill shall be deemed to be a Money Bill if it contains only provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters: the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax; the regulation of the borrowing of money or the giving of any guarantee by the State; the custody of the Consolidated Fund or the Contingency Fund of the State; or the appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of the State.
Assent to Bills
When a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, has been passed by both Houses, it shall be presented to the Governor. The Governor shall declare either that he assents to the Bill, that he withholds assent, or that he reserves the Bill for the consideration of the President. The Governor may also return the Bill (if it is not a Money Bill) with a message for reconsideration.
Bills reserved for consideration
When a Bill is reserved by a Governor for the consideration of the President, the President shall declare either that he assents to the Bill or that he withholds assent therefrom. The President may also direct the Governor to return the Bill to the House or Houses for reconsideration.
Annual financial statement
The Governor shall in respect of every financial year cause to be laid before the House or Houses of the Legislature of the State a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the State for that year, referred to as the "annual financial statement" or the Budget.
Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates
So much of the estimates as relates to expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund of a State shall not be submitted to the vote of the Legislative Assembly. So much of the said estimates as relates to other expenditure shall be submitted in the form of demands for grants to the Legislative Assembly, and the Assembly shall have power to assent, or to refuse to assent, to any demand, or to assent to any demand subject to a reduction of the amount specified therein.
Appropriation Bills
No money shall be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund of a State except under appropriation made by law passed in accordance with the provisions of this article. After the grants have been made by the Assembly, a Bill to provide for the appropriation out of the Consolidated Fund of the State of all moneys required to meet the grants is introduced.
Supplementary, additional or excess grants
If in any financial year any need has arisen for supplementary or additional expenditure, or if any money has been spent on any service in excess of the amount granted for that service, the Governor shall cause to be laid before the House or Houses another statement showing the estimated amount of that expenditure.
Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants
Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, the Legislative Assembly of a State shall have power to make any grant in advance in respect of the estimated expenditure for a part of any financial year; to make a grant for meeting an unexpected demand upon the resources of the State; or to make an exceptional grant which forms no part of the current service of any financial year.
Special provisions as to financial Bills
A Bill or amendment making provision for any of the matters specified in article 199 shall not be introduced or moved except on the recommendation of the Governor. A Bill which, if enacted and brought into operation, would involve expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of a State shall not be passed by a House of the Legislature of the State unless the Governor has recommended to that House the consideration of the Bill.
Rules of procedure
A House of the Legislature of a State may make rules for regulating, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, its procedure and the conduct of its business. Until rules are made, the rules of procedure and standing orders in force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution with respect to the Legislature for the corresponding Province shall have effect.
Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business
The Legislature of a State may, for the purpose of the timely completion of financial business, regulate by law the procedure of, and the conduct of business in, the House or Houses of the Legislature of the State in relation to any financial matter or to any Bill for the appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of the State.
Language to be used in the Legislature
Business in the Legislature of a State shall be transacted in the official language or languages of the State or in Hindi or in English. However, the Presiding Officer may permit any member who cannot adequately express himself in any of these languages to address the House in his mother tongue.
Restriction on discussion in the Legislature
No discussion shall take place in the Legislature of a State with respect to the conduct of any Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court in the discharge of his duties.
Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature
The validity of any proceedings in the Legislature of a State shall not be called in question on the ground of any alleged irregularity of procedure. No officer or member of the Legislature in whom powers are vested for regulating procedure or the conduct of business shall be subject to the jurisdiction of any court in respect of the exercise by him of those powers.
Chapter III: Legislative Power of the Governor
Legislative Power of the Governor
The Governor's power to promulgate Ordinances when the legislature is not in session.
Chapter IV: The High Courts in the States
High Courts for States
Establishes that there shall be a High Court for each State. The Parliament may by law establish a common High Court for two or more States or extend the jurisdiction of a High Court to a Union territory.
High Courts to be courts of record
Every High Court is a court of record and has all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself. Its judgments and proceedings are preserved for perpetual memory and testimony.
Constitution of High Courts
Every High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as the President may from time to time deem it necessary to appoint. The number of judges is determined by the President.
Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court
Every Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and the Chief Justice of the High Court. A Judge holds office until the age of 62 years.
Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts
The provisions of clauses (4) and (5) of article 124 (relating to the procedure for impeachment of a Supreme Court Judge) shall apply in relation to a High Court as they apply in relation to the Supreme Court with the substitution of references to the High Court for references to the Supreme Court.
Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts
Every person appointed to be a Judge of a High Court shall, before he enters upon his office, make and subscribe before the Governor of the State, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule.
Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge
No person who, after the commencement of this Constitution, has held office as a permanent Judge of a High Court shall plead or act in any court or before any authority in India except the Supreme Court and the other High Courts. This restriction ensures the independence and dignity of the judiciary.
Salaries, etc., of Judges
There shall be paid to the Judges of each High Court such salaries as may be determined by Parliament by law. Every Judge shall be entitled to such allowances and to such rights in respect of leave of absence and pension as may from time to time be determined by or under law made by Parliament.
Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another
The President may, after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, transfer a Judge from one High Court to any other High Court. A Judge so transferred shall be entitled to receive in addition to his salary a compensatory allowance as determined by Parliament by law.
Appointment of acting Chief Justice
When the office of Chief Justice of a High Court is vacant or when any such Chief Justice is, by reason of absence or otherwise, unable to perform the duties of his office, the duties of the office shall be performed by such one of the other Judges of the Court as the President may appoint for the purpose.
Appointment of additional and acting Judges
If by reason of any temporary increase in the business of a High Court or by reason of arrears of work therein, it appears to the President that the number of the Judges of that Court should be for the time being increased, the President may appoint duly qualified persons to be additional Judges of the Court for such period not exceeding two years as he may specify.
Jurisdiction of existing High Courts
Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to the provisions of any law of the appropriate Legislature made by virtue of powers conferred on that Legislature by this Constitution, the jurisdiction of, and the law administered in, any existing High Court, and the respective powers of the Judges thereof, shall be the same as immediately before the commencement of this Constitution.
Power of High Courts to issue certain writs
Empowers every High Court to issue directions, orders, or writs (including habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari) for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights and for any other purpose. This is a key power for judicial review at the state level.
Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court
Every High Court shall have superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction. This includes administrative and judicial superintendence.
Transfer of certain cases to High Court
If the High Court is satisfied that a case pending in a court subordinate to it involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of this Constitution, the determination of which is necessary for the disposal of the case, it shall withdraw the case and may either dispose of the case itself or determine the question and return the case to the subordinate court with a copy of its judgment.
Special provisions as to disposal of questions relating to constitutional validity of State laws
[Repealed by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977. This article was introduced by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, requiring a Bench of at least five judges to determine the constitutional validity of a State law. It was repealed the following year.]
Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts
(1) Appointments of officers and servants of a High Court shall be made by the Chief Justice of the Court or such other Judge or officer as he may direct. (2) Subject to any law made by the Legislature of the State, the conditions of service of these officers and servants shall be prescribed by rules made by the Chief Justice or by some other Judge or officer authorized by him. (3) The administrative expenses of a High Court, including all salaries and allowances payable to its officers and servants, shall be charged upon the Consolidated Fund of the State.
Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories
Parliament may by law extend the jurisdiction of a High Court to, or exclude the jurisdiction of a High Court from, any Union territory. This allows for a flexible arrangement where a High Court of a State can also serve as the High Court for one or more neighboring Union territories.
Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States
Notwithstanding anything contained in the preceding provisions of this Chapter, Parliament may by law establish a common High Court for two or more States or for two or more States and a Union territory. This is the constitutional basis for shared High Courts like the one at Guwahati or the common High Court for the States of Punjab and Haryana.
[Omitted]
Article 232 was omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956. It originally contained provisions regarding the administrative expenses and officers of High Courts for the former "Part B States" (princely states that acceded to India). Following the reorganization of states in 1956, this separate category of states was abolished, making the article redundant[citation:1].
Appointment of district judges
Appointments of district judges in any State are made by the Governor of the State in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State. This ensures judicial independence in the appointment of district-level judges.
Chapter V: Subordinate Courts
Appointment of district judges
Appointments of persons to be, and the posting and promotion of, district judges in any State shall be made by the Governor of the State in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State. A person not already in the service of the Union or of the State shall only be eligible if he has been an advocate or pleader for at least seven years.
Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges
Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any court, no appointment of any person already in the judicial service of a State or of any person who has been an advocate or a pleader to be a district judge shall be deemed to be illegal or void. This article was inserted by the Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966, to validate certain past appointments and judgments.
Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service
Appointments of persons other than district judges to the judicial service of a State shall be made by the Governor of the State in accordance with rules made by him in that behalf after consultation with the State Public Service Commission and with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State.
Control over subordinate courts
The control over district courts and courts subordinate thereto including the posting and promotion of, and the grant of leave to, persons belonging to the judicial service of a State and holding any post inferior to the post of district judge shall be vested in the High Court. This is a key provision for safeguarding the independence of the subordinate judiciary.
Interpretation
In this Chapter, the expression "district judge" includes judge of a city civil court, additional district judge, joint district judge, assistant district judge, chief judge of a small cause court, chief presidency magistrate, additional chief presidency magistrate, sessions judge, additional sessions judge and assistant sessions judge. The expression "judicial service" means a service consisting exclusively of persons intended to fill the post of district judge and other civil judicial posts inferior to the post of district judge.
Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates
The Governor may by public notification direct that the foregoing provisions of this Chapter and any rules made thereunder shall apply in relation to any class or classes of magistrates in the State as they apply in relation to persons appointed to the judicial service of the State subject to such exceptions and modifications as may be specified in the notification. This allows for the integration of the executive magistracy with the judicial service under the control of the High Court.
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