V Part V: The Union Government Lays down the structure, powers, and functions of the government at the Union (national) level. This comprehensive part details the executive (President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers), the legislature (Parliament), the judiciary (Supreme Court), and other key national institutions like the Comptroller and Auditor General. Chapter I: The Executive (The President and Vi…

IV-A Part IV-A: Fundamental Duties Contains the duties of every citizen of India. These duties were added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 (10 duties) and later expanded by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002 (11th duty). They are non-justiciable but serve as a constant reminder to citizens that while enjoying rights, they also have responsibilities toward the nation. 51A Fundamental duties of citizens It shall be the duty of e…

IV Part IV: Directive Principles of State Policy Contains non-justiciable principles that are fundamental to governance. They direct the State to apply these principles in making laws and policies to establish a just society and promote the welfare of the people. They aim to create social and economic democracy. 36 Definition of "the State" For the purposes of Part IV, unless the context otherwise requires, &q…

III Part III: Fundamental Rights The heart and soul of the Constitution. Contains justiciable rights that protect individuals from state action. These are enforceable in courts and any law violating them can be declared void. 12 Definition of State Defines "State" broadly to include government, Parliament, state legislatures, lo…

II Part II: Citizenship Defines who is a citizen of India at the commencement of the Constitution and provides the framework for citizenship laws. It answers: "Who belongs to India?" 5 Citizenship at commencement Defines citizenship for people domiciled in India at the commencement of the Constitution (January 26, 1950). Covers those born in Ind…

I Part I: The Union and its Territory Defines India as a federal union and establishes the framework for its territory and states. It answers the fundamental question: What is India's geographical and political structure? 1 Name and territory of the Union Declares India as a "Union of States" rather than a federation. This emphasizes the indestructible nature of the Union while states can be re…