Kanduri Chodas (Kanduru Chodas)
The Chola Descendants of Kandurunadu | c. 1020 CE – c. 1290 CE
The Kanduri Chodas (also Kanduru Chodas or Eruva Chodas, c. 1020 CE – c. 1290 CE) were a significant Telugu-speaking dynasty. While founded in the mid-11th century, their period of rule over the expansive realm of Kandurunadu (1100 villages) lasted from 1076 CE to 1224 CE. They presented themselves as descendants of the legendary Chola king Karikala. Their strategically located kingdom straddled the south banks of the Krishna River, south of the Kakatiya territory.
Eruvanadu was part of the southern bank of the Krishna River, in the region historically known as Eruva. They served as feudatories to larger empires, primarily the Western Chalukyas of Kalyana and later the Kakatiyas, while often asserting their autonomy. Their period of sovereign rule over Kandurunadu effectively ended in 1224 CE when the Kakatiya emperor Ganapatideva formally transferred its governance to his loyal general, Gona Ganapayya. While the last Kanduri Choda kings continued to issue inscriptions as local figureheads from their residual lands until around 1243 CE, the dynasty's political power was eclipsed after 1224 CE, marking the end of their era as major rulers.
"Kandurunadu (1100 villages)" that Bhimachoda II received around 1076 CE was created by amalgamating the Haihaya-ruled Kandurnadu with the pre-existing Panugallu-rajya and other surrounding areas, forming the large, 1100‑village province that became the heartland of the Kanduri Choda dynasty. They ruled modern Nalgonda (Pangal, Kandur), Nagarkurnool (Koduru), Mahabubnagar (Vardhamanapuram), Wanaparthy (Jammuluru) districts in Telangana, as well as parts of Khammam and Krishna (Andhra Pradesh).
Founder: Eruva Bhima I (c. 1040 CE)
Capitals: Panugallu (modern Nalgonda district), Kodurpura (modern Nagarkurnool district)
Geographic Area: Kandurnadu (modern Nalgonda, Suryapeta, Mahabubnagar, Nagarkurnool, Wanaparthy, Khammam, and parts of Krishna district, AP)
Key Historical Significance
They were key players in the Deccan's political landscape during the transition of power from the Western Chalukyas to the Kakatiyas.
Their claim of descent from the ancient Chola king Karikala represents a common practice of medieval dynasties seeking legitimacy and prestige.
Their extensive inscriptions provide crucial details on the political, social, and economic conditions of 11th–13th century Andhra.
Their internal family conflicts, intertwined with the rebellion of Chalukya prince Tailapa, drew in major powers like the Kakatiyas, shaping the region's history.
Chronology of Key Events
- c. 1040 CE: Eruva Bhima I founds the dynasty as a subordinate of the Western Chalukyas.
- c. 1076 CE: Bhimachoda II receives Kandurunadu as a fief from Vikramaditya VI, expanding their territory.
- 1077 CE: Tonda I issues an inscription without mentioning an overlord, suggesting early assertions of independence.
- 1120s CE: The dynasty splits loyalties during the rebellion of Chalukya prince Kumara Tailapa, leading to fratricide.
- c. 1136 CE: Kakatiya Prola II invades, defeats the rebel faction, and restores Udayachoda II (loyal to the Chalukyas).
- 1158 CE: Udayachoda II is defeated by Kakatiya Rudradeva and makes peace by giving his daughter in marriage.
- 1282 CE: The last known ruler, Ramanathadevachoda, rules as a subordinate of Kakatiya Rudramadevi.
- By 1300 CE: The dynasty ceases to be a political power.
Choda family of Kanduru belonged to the line of Jata Choda of Eruva as said in the Vollala inscription of Mallikarjuna Choda.
Founder of the dynasty. Ruled Panugallu (Nalgonda). He established himself as the Lord of Panugallu (Panugallupuradhipa), a key fort city, operating as a subordinate (mahasamanta) of Western Chalukya Emperor Somesvara I in Kalyana. 27 October 1051 CE, Malleswaram, Kollapur Taluka, Mahabubnagar District – during the reign of Trailokyamalladeva (Somesvara I), records grant of villages Pinmanam/Banmanam and Pittugam/Battugam under Ettapi-90 (kampana of Vaddavani-500 in Kandur nadu). Bhima I also granted twelve villages to a Cheraku chief, establishing the feudal structure.
Son of Bhima I, ruled Panugallu. He served as a military commander in the Chalukya army. 17 December 1062 CE, Kosigi (Narayanpet) – Jayasimha Chola Maharaja, subordinate of Vankaya/Tondaya Chola Maharaja, mentions chief Jnana sakti pandita and states a gift in village Panduru free from encumbrances. 8 May 1077 CE, Kollipaka – Tonda I records a gift to a temple without mentioning an overlord, a subtle but clear early assertion of independent authority.
Son of Tonda I. Wife: Ganga. Ruled Kandurunadu (1100 villages) from Panugallu and Kodur (Mahabubnagar). He shrewdly backed Vikramaditya VI in his successful coup against his brother Somesvara II. As a reward, Vikramaditya VI granted him the immense territory of Kandurunadu (1100 villages) as an additional fief. Bhimachoda II adopted the proud titles "Kodurpuravaresvara" (Lord of Kodur) and "Kanduri-Choda". He had four sons: Tonda II (eldest), Iruga, Mallikarjuna Choda (Malla/Mallarasa), and a fourth son lost to history.
Eldest son of Bhima II and Ganga. Ruled from Panugallu. He was the governor of the Kollipaka-7000 province, likely receiving it from Vikramaditya VI as reward. One record (1091 CE) identifies his queen as Yakamabbe Mahadevi. Another record (1124 CE) identifies Mailambika as wife of a Tonda Nripa, with three sons: Udayaditya, Bhima (III), and Gokarna (I). 24 December 1088 & 25 December 1091 CE, Kolanupaka – inscriptions during Vikramaditya VI's reign. 1092–93 CE, Koppole (Nalgonda) – Tonda II grants land for a lake and a satra (hospice). He performed memorial rites for his father, granting land to a Brahmana who carried his father's ashes to the Ganga.
Second son of Tonda II and Mailambika. Ruled from Panugallu. Queen: Somaladevi. 31 December 1104 CE, Kolanupaka – while Chalukya emperor Tribhuvanamalladeva ruled, Kanduru Bhimana Choda Maharaja (Karikala lineage, Kasyapa-gotra) granted lordship over Bhaditippaparti (Cheraku-70, Irrama-300, Kanduru-1100 bada) as an agrahara to Kavaliya Brahmadevayya. Signed by Kavaliya Brahmadevayya, Rajadhyaksha Jogadevayya, Sarvadhyaksha Peggada Komanayya, and Peggada Irugamayya. Kistapuram, Ramannapet Taluk – records gift of lands to god [---]esvara of Parivela village by Kanduri Bhimachoda Maharaja for the merit of his father Tomdayaraja. Undated Peruru inscription – servant Manuma Mallanayaka raised a temple to Svayambhu-Somesvara and made a land grant. 15 May 1116 CE, Panugallu – Bhimarasa (relation of Kanduru Somaladevi) installed Gangadevi and Gangesvara, and got lands confirmed by Vikramaditya VI (then camping at Kollipaka). 1116 CE, Gangapuram (Mahabubnagar) – Bhimarasa, husband of Kandura Somaladevi, jointly installed Gangesvara deva and endowed scholar Vagisvara pandita.
Third son of Tonda II and Mailambika. Ruled from Panugallu. 1109 CE, Panugallu fort – registered grant of villages in Gukkadamu-30 and Namikamti-70 (Devarakonda) to Bhimanapeggade and his brother Doddaya-bhatta. 1122 CE, Amangal (Rangareddy) – washed the feet of Gavaliya Bhimana Peggada and gave Maduvulu of 30 badi Kukkudamu; washed feet of Bhimana’s son Doddaya-bhatlu and gave Addaluru of 70 badi of Amanakallu, in asta-bhoga tenure. 30 January 1128 CE, Anamala, Miryalaguda – Mahamandalesvara Kanduru Gokarna Choda (Solar race, Kasyapagotra, Karikalanvaya, lord of Kodurupura) gifted twelve puttis and two marturs of wetland and two gardens to god Varadesvara of Alamala. 28 June 1121 CE, Yeleswaram (Nalgonda) – Gokarnachoda I gifted Koduru village to a god. 10 March 1122 CE, Panugallu (two inscriptions) – Gokarnachoda I conferred lordship of villages to his officers. 11 August 1124 CE, Panugallu – Mailambika, wife of Tondanripa, granted an agrahara. 29 July 1128 CE, Pedda Kadumuru – gift made while Gokarnadeva was ruling.
Prince Tailapa’s Rebellion & Kakatiya Intervention (1128–1136 CE): The Chalukya king's younger brother, Kumara Tailapa, held Kandurunadu as his appanage (yuvaraja-vritti) and rebelled. Gokarna I sided with Tailapa and was killed. The rebel general Govinda-damdesa (given Panugallu by Tailapa) took power. The loyalist heir Udayachoda II (son of Gokarna I) was restored when Chalukya emperor Somesvara III ordered his feudatory Kakatiya Prola II to invade. Prola II defeated and killed Govinda-damdesa and restored Panugallu to Udayachoda II (c. 1136 CE). This marks the pivotal entry of the Kakatiyas into the region's politics.
Probably another son or close relative. Ruled from Panugallu. His inscriptions omit any Chalukya overlord, declaring independence. 1128 CE, Anamala (Miryalaguda) – independent-style inscription. 1131 CE, Adavi-Devulapalli (Miryalaguda) – installed a deity on the banks of the Krishna; ruled Kandura nadu, Vinuribada-nadu and Kondapalli-nadu.
Restored by Kakatiya Prola II. Initially a Chalukya subordinate, he later clashed directly with Kakatiya Rudradeva. After being defeated, Udayachoda II made peace by giving his daughter Padma in marriage to Rudradeva, formally accepting Kakatiya suzerainty. He ruled a vast kingdom for over four decades. 25 December 1136 CE, Peruru (Miryalaguda) – gift of land by madalika Gunadya for Uttarayana-Sankranthi worship, land measured by ghada-marturu rod to deity Kesavadeva. 1149 CE, Sirikonda – Udayana Choda granted Kondapallinadu to a Pallava chief. 1157 CE, Marrikallu – grant with permission of Udayana Choda. 1158 CE, Vavikollu (Nalgonda) – Udayana Choda gifted a tax-free village to his priest. 24 October 1159 & 1160 CE, Rachur – installation of perpetual lamps in a temple at Panagallu. 25 December 1162 CE, Jadcherla – his officers Nalla Sidhamaya and Erra Sidhamaya granted two perpetual lamps to Svayambhu Somanadhadeva of Koduru, plus five gokarna singa rukas from Gangapuram revenue. 30 April 1167 CE, Lingala (Nagarkurnool) – grant made on the bank of Krishna by Tonda son of Kanna and Mallamasani (Solar dynasty, Karikala lineage), establishing three shrines for Visnu, Siva and Surya in names of Bhimaraju, Gokarnaraju and his father. 12 September 1172 CE, Indrakallu – officer Sunka verggade Kommanayya granted two puttis per month for God Indresvara while Udayana Choda ruled. 10 March 1174 CE, Markal (Rangareddy) – gifts to temples. 1176 CE, Nelakondapalli (Khammam) – construction of a sluice for the great tank at Kondapally; Malli Nayaka gave land to God Visvesvara. 12 April 1178 CE, Jupally – his subordinate Poti reddi (lord of Jammulurupura) made a grant to God Mahesvara.
Sons of Udayachoda II. Ruled jointly from Panugallu as loyal Kakatiya vassals under Rudradeva and Ganapatideva. 25 October 1178 CE, Mamillapalli – Bhima donated Mamillapalli and Gokarna gave Marrikanti to God Narasimha. 30 May 1191 CE, Paddur (Nagarkurnool) – grant of land behind Peddi cheruvu by Mahapradhani Dodda preggada and dandanayaka Talla preggada for overlord Mahamandalesvara Kanduru Gokarna Deva maharaju. 1184 CE, Lingala (Nagarkurnool) – grant at a shrine on the Krishna. 1207 CE, Cherlapally (Nalgonda) – grant for the merit of Kanduri Odayanachoda. 17 November 1234 CE, Mallepally (Devarakonda) – Kanduri Bhimadeva Choda Maharaju (Karikalanvaya, Kasyapa gotra) granted Mallepally village to Mahesvara Deva on north gate of Sri Parvata (Srisailam); mentions Sthanapati Omkararasideva. 27 October 1235 CE, Indrakallu – Udayana Preggada, mahapradhani of Kanduru, made gift of twenty eight lamps for God Indresvara while Bhimachoda deva maharaja ruled. 1235 CE, Mallepally – another inscription of Bhimadeva Choda.
22 March 1243 CE, Patancheru (Sangareddy) – dated in Chalukya Vikrama era, records mahamandaleshwara Kanduri Gokarna Chola maharaja giving to Gavari... Bhimana Perggada enjoyment of 10 madas of Gukkadamu 30, and to his son Doddayyabhatta (after washing his feet) the enjoyment of Badiye of Naminekalla-70 on Uttarayana sankranti.
Son of Gokarna. 1268 CE, Burugugadda (Suryapet) – Sriman Mahapradhani Satramu Bollamraju (Prime Minister) founded new village Mavavura in his mother's name and gifted it for Rudradeva Maharaja's merit. Other donors include Rudradeva (son of Gomkarnadeva Vallabharaja) and local officials.
Lord of Kodurapura. 16 April 1282 CE, Agamotukuru (Miryalaguda) – inscription explicitly issued during "the happy reign of Kakatiya Rudra Mahadevulu" (Queen Rudramadevi). Installed a god and made extensive endowments. This is the last known ruler; within a few decades the dynasty faded from history.
Son of Bhima II and Ganga Devi, brother of Tonda II. Ruled from Kodur. His minister Gunda executed grants. 18 May 1097 CE, Vollala (Nalgonda) – inscription tracing genealogy of the family to Karikala and Eruva Bhima; Mallikarjuna Choda granted an agrahara to his minister during 22nd year of Vikramaditya VI. 1098 CE, Pamulapadu (Nalgonda) – gift of land during Mallikarjunachoda's rule. 1098 CE, Vellala – Sanskrit inscription tracing genealogy. 25 December 1107 CE, Alampur – Mahamandalesvara Mallarasa, lord of Kodurpura, granted incomes from Khandanavol (Tungabhadra bank) to god Brahmesvaradeva at Alampur (western gateway of Srisaila). Mentions Aiza 300 (Undavelli, Boruvelli, Saliyuru, Kadaburu) and Kanne 300 (Vaddamaniya). 1114–1115 CE, Alampur – provided for renovation, white-washing, and daily rituals of Brahmesvara temple, entrusting to priest Vitaranendra Rasi Pandita.
Ruled from Kodur, Kanduru-1000. 25 December 1110 CE, Malleswaram – grant in Ettapi-Kampana-90 (sub-district of 90 villages), Baliya Sarimale-12, Vrepakallu village.
He participated in a Western Chalukya expedition deep into Chola territory under Jagadeka Malla II (1138–1151 CE), burning an enemy capital – an exploit likened to Shiva destroying Tripura. 18 June 1116 CE, Gattuthimmam (Gattu-Tummana), Achampet Taluk – his chief queen Vennamahadevi granted 18 tumus for daily rites, ghee for a perpetual lamp, and 24 rukas from Siddhayamu towards 24 vidyas (branches of learning) for god Ramesvara of Tumenti. 29 December 1122 CE, Upparapalli (Mahabubnagar) – queen Vennamahadevi granted lands in her native village Tummenta to god Narasimhadeva (Nrisimhadeva) of Mavindlapalli for daily worship. 1163 CE, Hanumakonda inscription – records that Kakatiya Rudradeva burnt the city of Vardhamanapura, forcing Bhima to flee; also mentions Chododaya (Udaya Choda II), Tailapa (died of terror), Domaraja of Nagunuru, Medaraja of Polavasa.
26 March 1120 or 4 April 1180 CE, Uppununthala – granted land measures (12 khas dry land, 3 mas wet land) behind Prolenayaka tank, plus 2 mas behind Basanicheruvu and market tax (Karrakuli penta sunkamu) to God Kedaresvara. 1120 CE, Udimilla (Achampet) – Somanatha Chola makes grants to temples.
Son of Somanathadeva. 9 September 1235 CE, Edampalli (Devarakonda) – Kanduri Udayaditya Choda (Kasyapa gotra, Karikalanvaya, solar race, lord of Kodurupura) granted his part of Nalladamapalli for anga-ranga-bhogas and offerings to god Mahesvara for the merit of his father.
Administration, Feudal Hierarchy & Vassals
They held the title Mahamandalesvaras under the Chalukyas and Kakatiyas. They commanded their own network of subordinate chiefs holding hereditary rights over smaller territories.
Kandur-nadu (1100 villages) was divided into: Mandalas (e.g., Irrama-300), Nadus (Cheraku-70, Amanikallu-70, Vinuribada-nadu, Kondapalli-nadu, Gukkadamu-30, Namikamti-70, Naminekalla-70), and Kampanas (Ettapi-90).
Dandanayaka (military general), Mahapradhani (prime minister), Peggada (high commissioner), Sarva-adhyaksha (superintendent), Sunkadhikari (toll collector).
Vassals and Subordinate Chiefs
Ruled Cheraku-70 (district of 70 villages). Received 12 initial villages from Eruva Bhima I. Associated with Nandikotkur (Kurnool) and Achampet Taluk (Mahabubnagar).
Kavaliya Bhimana Peggada granted lordship of Addaluru (Amanikallu-70). Ajjala Erayana-peggada granted lordship of Alamula (Cheraku-70). Grants of land and revenue collection rights.
Localized lordships. Poti Reddi explicitly called "lord of Jammulurupura" (Jupally inscription, 1178 CE).
Controlled strategic forts and border regions. Example: Dandanayakas of Kibatte and Melvatte collected revenue (sunka) in Gangapuram for King Udayana Choda.
After 1224 CE, Gona Ganapayya received Kandur-nadu (1100 villages). Ruled from Vardhamanapura (Kodur) and Budapuram (Bhoothpur), from Panugallu (Nalgonda) to Raichur and down to Valluru (Cuddapah).
Society, Economy & Irrigation
Predominantly Hindu, patronizing Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Saura (Sun worship). Brahmins held highest status, receiving agrahara grants. Royal patronage of temples (Bhimesvara, Gangesvara, Narasimha, Mallikarjuna, Ramesvara, Indresvara, Kedaresvara, etc.) was central to legitimacy.
Agriculture supported by large tanks (Kondapalli tank with sluice, Peddi cheruvu, etc.), lakes, and canals. Revenue from land taxes and sunkamu (tolls on merchandise). Monetized economy – grants of cash (rukalu) for perpetual lamps. Active trade on Krishna River route.
Comprehensive List of Inscriptions (chronological order)
- 1060 CE, Nagarkurnool: Incomplete inscription of Irugana Choda Maharaja.
- 1062 CE (17 Dec), Kosigi (Narayanpet): Jayasimha Chola Maharaja, subordinate of Vankaya/Tondaya Chola Maharaja.
- 1067 CE (8 Dec), Nambulakunta: Sankarasa Choda Maharaja – detailed two-part inscription (Kannada & Telugu).
- 1077 CE (8 May), Kollipaka: Tonda I records gift of perpetual lamps without overlord.
- 1088 CE (24 Dec) & 1091 CE (25 Dec), Kolanupaka: Inscriptions of Tonda II during Vikramaditya VI.
- 1092–93 CE, Koppole (Nalgonda): Tonda II grants land for a lake and a satra.
- 1097 CE (18 May), Vollala (Nalgonda): Grant by Mallikarjunachoda's minister Gunda; genealogy to Karikala.
- 1098 CE, Pamulapadu (Nalgonda): Gift of land during Mallikarjunachoda.
- 1098 CE, Vellala: Sanskrit genealogy inscription.
- 1104 CE (31 Dec), Kolanupaka: Bhimachoda III grants agrahara.
- 1107 CE (25 Dec), Alampur: Mallarasa (lord of Kodurpura) grants incomes to Brahmesvaradeva.
- 1110 CE (25 Dec), Malleswaram: Tailapadeva grant in Ettapi-90.
- 1114–1115 CE, Alampur: Mallikarjuna renovates Brahmesvara temple.
- 1116 CE (15 May), Panugallu: Bhimarasa installs deities, confirmed by Vikramaditya VI.
- 1116 CE (18 June), Gattuthimmam (Achampet): Nalla Bhimadeva's queen Vennamahadevi grants 24 vidyas endowment.
- 1116 CE, Gangapuram: Bhimarasa and Somaladevi install Gangesvara.
- 1120 CE, Udimilla (Achampet): Somanatha Chola makes grants.
- 1120 CE (26 March) / 1180 CE (4 April), Uppununthala: Somanathadeva Choda grants land to Kedaresvara.
- 1121 CE (28 June), Yeleswaram (Nalgonda): Gokarnachoda I gifts Koduru village.
- 1122 CE (10 March), Panugallu (two inscriptions): Gokarnachoda I confers villages.
- 1122 CE (29 Dec), Upparapalli: Queen Vennamahadevi grants from native village.
- 1124 CE (11 Aug), Panugallu: Mailambika, wife of Tondanripa, grants agrahara.
- 1128 CE, Anamala (Miryalaguda): Sridevi Tondaya issues independent-style inscription.
- 1128 CE (29 July), Pedda Kadumuru: Gift while Gokarnadeva ruled.
- 1131 CE, Adavi-Devulapalli (Miryalaguda): Sridevi Tondaya installs deity on Krishna banks.
- 1136 CE (25 Dec), Peruru (Miryalaguda): Gift of land under Udayachoda II.
- 1149 CE, Sirikonda: Udayana Choda grants Kondapallinadu to Pallava chief.
- 1157 CE, Marrikallu: Grant with permission of Udayana Choda.
- 1158 CE, Vavikollu (Nalgonda): Udayana Choda gifts tax-free village to priest.
- 1159 CE (24 Oct) & 1160 CE, Rachur: Installation of perpetual lamps at Panagallu.
- 1162 CE (25 Dec), Jadcherla: Udayana Choda's officers grant temple lamps.
- 1163 CE, Hanumakonda: Records Kakatiya Rudradeva burning Vardhamanapura and defeating Nalla Bhimadeva.
- 1167 CE (30 April), Lingala (Nagarkurnool): Grant on Krishna bank by Tonda son of Kanna; triple shrines.
- 1172 CE (12 Sep), Indrakallu: Officer grants for offerings under Udayana Choda.
- 1174 CE (10 March), Markal (Rangareddy): Gifts to temples.
- 1176 CE, Nelakondapalli (Khammam): Construction of sluice for Kondapally tank.
- 1178 CE (12 April), Jupally: Udayaditya's subordinate Poti Reddi makes grant.
- 1178 CE (25 Oct), Mamillapally: Joint inscription of Bhimachoda IV and Gokarnachoda II.
- 1184 CE, Lingala (Nagarkurnool): Grant at shrine on Krishna.
- 1191 CE (30 May), Paddur (Nagarkurnool): Inscription of Gokarna Deva Choda Maharaju II.
- 1207 CE, Cherlapally (Nalgonda): Grant for merit of Kanduri Odayanachoda.
- 1234 CE (17 Nov), Mallepally (Devarakonda): Bhimadeva Choda grants village to Srisailam deity.
- 1235 CE (27 Oct), Indrakallu: Mahapradhani of Bhimachoda deva makes lamp gift.
- 1235 CE, Mallepally: Another inscription of Bhimadeva Choda.
- 1235 CE (9 Sep), Edampalli (Devarakonda): Udayaditya Choda III grants for father's merit.
- 1243 CE (22 March), Patancheru (Medak): Gokarnachoda Maharaju gifts to officers (Naminekalla-70).
- 1282 CE (16 April), Agamotukuru (Miryalaguda): Kanduri Ramanathadeva Choda (subordinate of Rudramadevi) installs god and endows.
- Undated, Peruru: Servant Manuma Mallanayaka raises Svayambhu-Somesvara temple.
- Undated, Kistapuram: Bhimachoda Maharaja grants land for merit of father Tomdayaraja.
Key Geographical Markers from the Inscriptions
Panugallu (Panagal, Nalgonda), Kanduru, Kodurpura (Kodur), Vardhamanapura, Ghanapuram, Gangapuram, Amrabad, Rachur, Maghatala (Makthal), Vangur, Munnanur.
Krishna River basin from Jadcharla (west) to Miryalaguda (east). Southern boundary: Achampet taluk and Nallamala Hills. Northern: Devarakonda & Suryapet. Western: Makthal and Munnanur. Eastern: Miryalaguda and edges of Khammam.
Kandur-nadu (1100), Irrama-300, Cheraku-70, Amanikallu-70, Vinuribada-nadu, Kondapalli-nadu, Gukkadamu-30, Namikamti-70, Naminekalla-70, Ettapi-90, Kollipaka-7000.
Kanduri Choda territory – modern Nalgonda, Suryapet, Mahabubnagar, Nagarkurnool, Wanaparthy, Khammam, and parts of Krishna district (AP).
Legacy
The dynasty is known almost exclusively from its prolific epigraphic records – over 50 inscriptions providing an indispensable historical record of 11th–13th century Andhra.
They were key players in the Deccan's political landscape during the transition from Western Chalukyas to Kakatiyas. Their internal conflicts and alliances drew the Kakatiyas into the region.
Their extensive patronage of Telugu language and Hindu temple culture (Shaiva, Vaishnava, Saura) left a lasting impact on Telangana's religious landscape.
- JSTOR: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141667
- Yashoda Devi, The History of Andhra Country, 1000 A.D.–1500 A.D.
- G. Satyanarayana Rao, Telugu Chodas of Kandur – Journal of Andhra Historical Research Society.
- All Research Journal: http://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2015/vol1issue12/PartO/1-11-150.pdf
- Annual Reports on Indian Epigraphy (ARIE) – various volumes.
- South Indian Inscriptions (SII) – Kakatiya and Chalukya records.
- P. V. Parabrahma Sastry, The Kakatiyas (1978).
- N. Venkataramanayya, The Early Kakatiyas.
The Kanduri Chodas may have been eclipsed by the Kakatiyas, but their stone and copper records endure – a testament to two centuries of Chola-descended valour, feudal ambition, and the rich epigraphic heritage of the Telugu country.
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