Panagal (also historically known as Panugal, Panugallu, Panagallu, or Panagallupura) is a historically significant village nearly 4 km from Nalgonda city, located in the Nalgonda Mandal and Nalgonda district of Telangana, India. Its importance stems from its rich archaeological and architectural heritage, primarily from the Kakatiya dynasty period (11th - 14th centuries CE).
Chaya Someswara Swamy Temple: This is the most famous temple in Panagal. It is unique because of the four central pillars that cast no shadow (Chaya) at any time of the day inside the sanctum sanctorum, a testament to the advanced understanding of geometry and astronomy by Kakatiya architects. The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva (Someswara).
Narasimha Swamy Temple: Located adjacent to the Chaya Someswara temple, this temple is dedicated to Lord Narasimha, an incarnation of Vishnu. The presence of both major Shaivite and Vaishnavite temples side-by-side indicates the religious harmony and patronage of the era.
Kashi Vishweshwara Temple: Another Shiva temple within the complex, adding to the religious significance of the site.
Ancient Pushkarni (Stepwell): A large, intricately carved stepwell provided water for the temple rituals and the local community. These stepwells are characteristic of Kakatiya hydro-engineering.
Etymology
The name "Panagallu" is believed to be derived from the Telugu words "Pana" (song/poem) and "Kallu"(stone), possibly meaning "the stones that sing" or "musical stones," perhaps referring to the resonant quality of the stone used in the temples or the poetic inscriptions found there. Over time, it evolved into variations like Panugal and Panagal.
Panagal is not just a village but an open-air museum and a crucial site for understanding the cultural, religious, and architectural history of the Telangana region. It serves as a silent witness to the grandeur of the Kakatiya dynasty and remains an important destination for heritage tourism.
Eruva Bhima I (c. 1040-1065 CE)
The pivotal ruler who allied with Kakatiya Rudradeva against the Kandur Chodas, changing the family's fortunes. He was granted the lordship of Jammuluru and later the Cheraku township with 60 villages.Panagal (Panugallu) was formally placed under the larger administrative division known as Cheraku-70.
son of Mallikarjuna Nayaka
16th May A.D. 1290. Panugallu.
This inscription is on a pillar in the compound of Chhaya-Somesvara temple. Records that, while Kakatiya Kumara Rudradeva was ruling the kingdom of the world, his subordinate Immadi Mallikarjuna Nayaka, son of Mallikarjuna Nayaka who bore the titles nissanka-Vira and Rayasthapanacharya and grandson of Bollasenapati, the minister of the king, made the gift of some virittis of wetland behind the Udayaditya-samudra for the anga and ranga-bhogas of Chhaya-Somanatha of Panugallu so that merit might accrue to the king. The inscription also describes the genealogy of the royal family beginning with Kakatiya Ganapati. His son was Rudradeva (Rudramba), whose daughter's son was the king Rudradeva.
Following the fall of the Kakatiya empire in 1323 CE, the Recherla chiefs, like other Telugu nobles, initially aligned with the Musunuri Nayakas in the struggle against Delhi Sultanate rule, serving as key feudatories within this new confederation from 1323 CE to 1360 CE
By circa 1360 CE, as Musunuri power waned, the Recherlas under Dāma Nayaka I asserted their independence, establishing the sovereign kingdoms of Rachakonda (in Northern Telangana) and its branch at Devarakonda (in Southern Telangana). Their rule (c. 1360 - 1475 CE) represents a critical link between the Kakatiya polity and the subsequent Bahmani, Vijayanagara, and Gajapati contestations over the Telangana region.
Mallu Sahni (c. 1550 CE): The most well-documented chief. His key achievement, recorded in the 1551 CE Pangal inscription, was the construction of a large stepwell (baoli) for public utility.
Historically, this area was part of the Eruva or Eruva Mandalika region, a notable administrative division during the time of the Kakatiyas and their predecessors, the Chalukyas.
Key Historical Significance
Panagal is renowned for two primary landmarks that attract historians, archaeologists, and tourists:1. Panagal Archaeological Complex:
This complex is a treasure trove of Kakatiya-era temples and structures, showcasing the distinctive architectural style of the period. The main attractions within the complex include:Chaya Someswara Swamy Temple: This is the most famous temple in Panagal. It is unique because of the four central pillars that cast no shadow (Chaya) at any time of the day inside the sanctum sanctorum, a testament to the advanced understanding of geometry and astronomy by Kakatiya architects. The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva (Someswara).
Narasimha Swamy Temple: Located adjacent to the Chaya Someswara temple, this temple is dedicated to Lord Narasimha, an incarnation of Vishnu. The presence of both major Shaivite and Vaishnavite temples side-by-side indicates the religious harmony and patronage of the era.
Kashi Vishweshwara Temple: Another Shiva temple within the complex, adding to the religious significance of the site.
Ancient Pushkarni (Stepwell): A large, intricately carved stepwell provided water for the temple rituals and the local community. These stepwells are characteristic of Kakatiya hydro-engineering.
2. Panagal Museum:
Located within the archaeological complex, the Panagal Museum houses a valuable collection of sculptures, inscriptions, and artifacts excavated from the site and surrounding areas. These items date back to various dynasties, including the Ikshvaku, Vishnukundina, Chalukya, and Kakatiya periods, proving that the site was significant long before the Kakatiyas.Etymology
The name "Panagallu" is believed to be derived from the Telugu words "Pana" (song/poem) and "Kallu"(stone), possibly meaning "the stones that sing" or "musical stones," perhaps referring to the resonant quality of the stone used in the temples or the poetic inscriptions found there. Over time, it evolved into variations like Panugal and Panagal.
Panagal is not just a village but an open-air museum and a crucial site for understanding the cultural, religious, and architectural history of the Telangana region. It serves as a silent witness to the grandeur of the Kakatiya dynasty and remains an important destination for heritage tourism.
Rulers
Kandur Cholas or Chodas (c. 1040 CE - 1178 CE)
The Eruva / Telugu Choda Chiefs (c. 1040 – 1176 CE): The first significant rulers of Panagal were the Eruva chiefs, who were subordinates of the Western Chalukyas. Key figures include:Eruva Bhima I (c. 1040-1065 CE)
Described as the "lord of Phanugallu-pura."
Bhimachoda II & Tonda II (c. 1077-1097 CE)
Bhimachoda II & Tonda II (c. 1077-1097 CE)
They expanded their influence, with Tonda II establishing a secondary capital at Koduru.
Kandur Gokarnachoda I (1116-1128 CE)
Kandur Gokarnachoda I (1116-1128 CE)
Ruled firmly from Panugal, issuing several land grants.
Kandur Udayachoda II (1136-1178 CE)
Kandur Udayachoda II (1136-1178 CE)
The zenith of this family's power; he ruled a vast kingdom of 1100 villages from Panagal.
Kakatiya Dynasty (c.1158 CD - 1323 CE)
Cheraku Chiefs (c. 1178 CE - 1239 CE)
Kata II (c. 1155 CE - 1199 CE)The pivotal ruler who allied with Kakatiya Rudradeva against the Kandur Chodas, changing the family's fortunes. He was granted the lordship of Jammuluru and later the Cheraku township with 60 villages.
Bolla II / Cheraku Bollayya Reddy (1199 CE - c.1239 CE)
The most illustrious and powerful Kayastha chief. Initially loyal, he later became the Kakatiyas' greatest nemesis.
Capital: Moved his capital to Gandikota Manorathapura, a formidable fortress.
Rebellion: He defied Queen Rudramadevi and proclaimed himself sovereign king of Panugallu, Marjavadi, and other regions.
1202 AD : Lord of Panugallu, Uppunututa
The most famous Cheraku ruler. He served three Kakatiya monarchs: Rudradeva, Mahadeva, and Ganapatideva. He was a key ally of General Recharla Rudra during crises and was rewarded with the Amarabad and Velpur regions. A great patron, he built several temples (Koteswara, Mareswara, etc.), excavated tanks, established agraharas, and was titled Kakatiya-Kanaka-prakara ("the golden fort-wall of the Kakatiyas").
The most famous Cheraku ruler. He served three Kakatiya monarchs: Rudradeva, Mahadeva, and Ganapatideva. He was a key ally of General Recharla Rudra during crises and was rewarded with the Amarabad and Velpur regions. A great patron, he built several temples (Koteswara, Mareswara, etc.), excavated tanks, established agraharas, and was titled Kakatiya-Kanaka-prakara ("the golden fort-wall of the Kakatiyas").
Kayastha Chiefs (1239 – 1289 CE)
The Kayastha Chiefs (1239 – 1269 CE): Under the Kakatiyas, the Kayastha chief Ganagaya Sahiniadministered a large territory "from Panugallu to Valluru." He held the title Gandapendara and was a key general for Kakatiya King Ganapatideva.
Ganagaya Sahini (1239 CE - 1258 CE)
The founder of their power. He was granted the title Gandapendara. His domain stretched from Panugallu to Valluru (Cuddapah). He led a successful military expedition against the Seuna (Yadava) kingdom (1250 AD), forcing King Kannara to flee. For his service, he was made the head of the kingdom's seventy-two branches of administration.
Jannigadeva (1258 - 1269 CE)
The eldest son of Ganagaya Sahini's sister. He was celebrated as the "right hand of Ganapatideva," indicating his immense trust and power within the empire.
An inscription from 1267 CE records a gift by Sarangapani Deva, a son of the Seuna (Yadava) king Singhana, who had seized the fort but was forced to accept the suzerainty of Kakatiya Rudramadevi.
Ambadeva II (1272 - 1294 CE)The most illustrious and powerful Kayastha chief. Initially loyal, he later became the Kakatiyas' greatest nemesis.
Capital: Moved his capital to Gandikota Manorathapura, a formidable fortress.
Rebellion: He defied Queen Rudramadevi and proclaimed himself sovereign king of Panugallu, Marjavadi, and other regions.
Cheraku Chiefs (c. 1289 CE - 1323 CE)
1289 AD - 1323 AD : Cheraku Immadi Mallikarjuna Nayakason of Mallikarjuna Nayaka
16th May A.D. 1290. Panugallu.
This inscription is on a pillar in the compound of Chhaya-Somesvara temple. Records that, while Kakatiya Kumara Rudradeva was ruling the kingdom of the world, his subordinate Immadi Mallikarjuna Nayaka, son of Mallikarjuna Nayaka who bore the titles nissanka-Vira and Rayasthapanacharya and grandson of Bollasenapati, the minister of the king, made the gift of some virittis of wetland behind the Udayaditya-samudra for the anga and ranga-bhogas of Chhaya-Somanatha of Panugallu so that merit might accrue to the king. The inscription also describes the genealogy of the royal family beginning with Kakatiya Ganapati. His son was Rudradeva (Rudramba), whose daughter's son was the king Rudradeva.
Tughlaq Dynasty (1323 CE - 1325 CE)
1323–c. 1335 CE: Period of Delhi Sultanate (Tughlaq) rule.
Musunuri Nayaks (1325 CE - 1360 CE)
The Musunuri Nayaks (1325 CE - 1368 CE) were Telugu warrior-chiefs belonging to the Durjaya clan, who emerged as the first native resistance against the Delhi Sultanate after the fall of the Kakatiya Empire in 1323 CE. Rising from their base in Rekhapalli in the Bhadrachalam forests, they rallied the surviving Kakatiya Nayakas and reclaimed Warangal in 1336 CE under the leadership of Kapaya Nayaka. They played a decisive role in reviving Telugu power, defending Hindu traditions, and resisting northern and later Bahmani incursions until their decline in 1368 CE
Recherla Nayaks (1360 CE - 1475 CE)
The Recherlas (1360 CE - 1475 CE) were a prominent warrior lineage of Telangana who initially served the Kakatiyas as generals (senāpatis) and feudatories from 996 CE - 1323 CE. They first appear in inscriptions as Recherla “Reddies” and later as Nayakas stationed at strategic centers such as Kupriyal, Palampet, and Anumagallu, responsible for defending Kakatiya territories.Following the fall of the Kakatiya empire in 1323 CE, the Recherla chiefs, like other Telugu nobles, initially aligned with the Musunuri Nayakas in the struggle against Delhi Sultanate rule, serving as key feudatories within this new confederation from 1323 CE to 1360 CE
By circa 1360 CE, as Musunuri power waned, the Recherlas under Dāma Nayaka I asserted their independence, establishing the sovereign kingdoms of Rachakonda (in Northern Telangana) and its branch at Devarakonda (in Southern Telangana). Their rule (c. 1360 - 1475 CE) represents a critical link between the Kakatiya polity and the subsequent Bahmani, Vijayanagara, and Gajapati contestations over the Telangana region.
Bahmani Kingdom or Bahmani Sultanate (1475 CE - 1518 CE)
Matysa Chiefs
Qutb Shahi dynasty (1518 CE – 1687 CE)
Matysa Chiefs
Mughal Empire 1687 CE - 1724 CE
Asaf Jahis 1724 CE - 1948 CE
Inscriptions
c.1040 - c.1065 : Eruva Bhima I
In the Eruva line, Bhima the lord of Phanugallu-pura, was born for the rejoicing of all.
Subordinate to Western Chalukya King Somesvara I (1042 - 1068).
Granted the lordship of Cheraku together with its 12 villages to Cheraku Chief Kata I.
c.1065 - 1077 : Tonda I son of Eruva Bhima I
Subordinate to Western Chalukya King Somesvara I (1042 - 1068).
Eruva Tonda , apparently , was a military commander in the army of Dandanayaka Mahapradhani Anantapalayya.
1088 AD - 1097 AD Tonda II
1097 AD - 1104 AD : Mallikarjunachoda brother of Tonda IIgeneral dandanayaka Rudramayyanayaka
1116 AD - 1128 AD : Kandur Gokarnachoda I son of Tonda II
11th August 1124 AD : Panagallu
This inscription is on a stone pillar lying in the Pachala Someshwara Temple. Damaged and fragmentary. Records that, on the occasion of Surya grahana in the year Krodhi, S.1046, Mailambika, wife of Tondanripa who had three sons viz., Udayaditya, Bhima and Gokarna granted an agrahara called Choda Bhima Narayanapuram to 108 Brahmanas. Though the month, tithi, and vara (day in week) are not given, the date of the inscription can be calculated on the basis of the solar eclipse, of which there was only one in the year given in the record. It corresponds to Monday, 11th August, A.D. 1124.
27th November 1127 AD : Mamillapalli
This inscription is in the temple of Narasimha Swami. The record is in two parts. The first part states that certain Bhupala Navisetti devotee of Narasimha with the consent of Gundaya Peddana purchased 40 vrittis in Mavindlapalli and 1 vritti belonging to Gundadeva and donated it for the observance of daily worship and naivedya of Sri Narasimha deva. The second part states that Hari hara dasa kheyideva dandanayaka subordinate of Kanduri Gokarna deva Choda maharaja granted 6 puttis of land (chenu) of Mangallu, seed yielding velivolamu in Pomi reddi Cheruvu and marttars to the daily naivedya of Narasimhadeva.
10th June, 1128 AD : Gattuthimmam
This inscription is on a stone pillar set up in the fields towards the west of the village. The inscription records that Mahamandalesvara Kanduri Sridevi Tondaya of Kasyapa-gotra, Karikalanvaya, and solar race, the lord of Kodurupura granted the prabhutva (lordship) of Alamula included in Cheraku-70 (region) with ashtabhogatejas-svamyatas to Ajjala Erayana- peggada. The record, on the other three sides contains Telugu verses in Kanda and one in Champakamala metres, stating that certain Prolemaraja-amarya obtained (from the king) vrittis consisting of Chagamari-12 and Dodidorti-12 and other things. The Champakamala verse states the various royal insignia obtained by Proleyamatya which include, adapamu (betel bag),andalamu (palanquin), (royal) seats kamchagattu (.............), vichchadiya (permission to pay royal visits?), dharalu (swords), savadi-samkhulu (sounding conch shells), bherulu (beating drums), gamgu-gondamu (......), godugulu (umbrellas), pili (elephant), barha-kunta (peacock- fans?) and kham-vitanamu (...).
The last verse states that Adapa-Erayan-peggade obtained the prabhutva (lordship) from Tondaraja of the line of Jata Choda. From this record we understand that the Choda family of Kanduru belonged to the line of Jata Choda of Eruva as said in the Vollala inscription of Mallikarjuna Choda (Ep. Andhrica IV p.26). Secondly, Sridevi Tondaya, the donor of this record is not properly identifiable among the known members of the Kanduri Choda chiefs. Thirdly, it is not known how Proleyaraja-amatya and Erayana peggada were related to each other.
1131 AD : Adavi-Devulapalli, Miryalaguda Taluk
This inscription is on a slab lying in front of the Chennakesava temple. Records the installation of the deity Ramaramana at the place called Bauddham situated on the bank of the river Krishna by mahamandalesvara Kandari Tondaya-chada, who is described as Koduri- puravaradhisvara and belonging to Kasyapa-gotra and Karikalanvaya. While he was ruling from his capital Panugallur over Kandara nadu Vinuribada-nadu and Kondapalli-nadu, his minister Gopati son of Medama granted two khandugas of hand and taxes (sunkas) for maintaining perpetual lamp to the above deity.
Govindaraja or Govinda danḍesa is not settled . There was a Govinda , an early contemporary of Prola II , a nephew ( sister's son ) of Anantapāla daṇḍanāyaka , the famous general of Vikramaditya VI . Govinda danḍanayaka of Kondapalli and Bhima Chōla III seem to have extended their support to the revolting prince Tailapa .
1176 AD - 1239 AD : Cheraku Bolla II
1239 AD - 1258 AD : Kayastha Ganagaya Sahini
1289 CE - 1323 CE : Cheraku Immadi Mallikarjuna Nayaka son of Mallikarjuna Nayaka
1325 AD - 1361 AD : Recherla Singama nayaka-I
1361 AD - 1384 AD : Recherla Mada Nayaka I
The epigraph is important in that it records the conquest of Panagulla in Saka 1319 by Imamadi-Bukka during the time of Harihara II and mentions for the first time Ananta, the son of Immadi-Bukka during the time of Harihara II and mentions for the first time, the son of Immadi-Bukka.
1424 AD - 1446 AD : Deva Raya II of Sangama Dynasty of Vijayanagara
1424 AD : Dated in Saka 1346 during the rule of Devaraya, another epigraph records the construction of the temple of Mukti-Ramesvara by Devanarayana, belonging to a Brahmana family from Kasmira, who was the governor of the fort and who claims to have destroyed the army of Firuz Shah.
1571 AD : The Persian version of a bilingual epigraph from Pangal, recording the repairs of a dam
etc., which was noticed earlier, was re-examined. It was found to contain the date A.H. 978. and Shuhur 971 (A.D. 1571) and not A.H. 958. It was also found to contain the additional information that all the lands from the embankment of (the river) Mushi in Induparal (Yindupukela of the Telugu version) to the bank of the Krishna river (irrigated) by the canals, tanks and ponds are subject to dastband (levy) revertible to qasba Pangal and (from the revenue cess of the lands irrigated) by the dam the Muslims and the king and Hindus would have some share.
In the Eruva line, Bhima the lord of Phanugallu-pura, was born for the rejoicing of all.
Subordinate to Western Chalukya King Somesvara I (1042 - 1068).
Granted the lordship of Cheraku together with its 12 villages to Cheraku Chief Kata I.
Subordinate to Western Chalukya King Somesvara I (1042 - 1068).
Eruva Tonda , apparently , was a military commander in the army of Dandanayaka Mahapradhani Anantapalayya.
1076 AD : Jayasimha III Governor
A.D. 1076 introduces the kings subordinate Bhuvanaikamalla-Vira-Nolamba with epithets Vira-Pallavanaya, Pallavakula-tilaka, Amoghavakya and Kanchipuravaresvara as governing Nolambavadi, Panungalnadu and Banavasi-desa. We know that these epithets were borne by the kings younger brother Jayasimha III who is called Trailokyamalla-Vira-Nolamba in the records of his father Trailokyamalla-Somesvara I. Our inscription credits him with the governorship of Banavasi-desa and Panungal-nadu in addition to Nolambhavadi. The inscription also reveals the name of his queen Maladevi.May 8, 1077 AD : Kollipaka - Mahamandalesvara Eruva Tondarasar, a Telugu-Choda chief sets up an inscription at the same place in Saka.999, Ptnga|a Jyestha su. 13, (A.D. 1077, May 8) (No. 13) to lecordhts gift of perpetual lamps to Somesvara Deva of Kollipaka, where in no reference is made to any overlord.
1077 AD - 1091 AD : Bhimachoda II son of Tonda I
Bhima Choda the lord of Panagallu in Nalgonda1088 AD - 1097 AD Tonda II
1088 AD - 1091 AD : Ruling Kolanupaka
Koduru near Mahbubnagar became their secondary capital. They adopted the titles Kodur pravaresvara and Kandūri-Chōḍa representing their new capital and additional fief respectively.1091 AD : An unpublished epigraph from Panugallu dated C.V. 15 (1091) set up by Bhima's eldest son Tondaya registers some vrittis granted by him to a brahman who carried the ashes of his father Kandūru Bhima Choda to Ganga for immersing them in that holy river.
24th December, A.D. 1088 and 25th December, A.D. 1091 : Kolanupaka, Bhuvanagiri
Vikramaditya VI and Tondaya-Chola-Maharaja.
Both the inscriptions A and B, which belong to the rule of Tribhuvanamalla (i.e. Vikramaditya VI). refer to the Telugu-Choda chief Tondaya-Chola-maharaja of the Kanduru branch. They are dated, apart from other details, in the Chalukya Vikrama years 13 and 16 respectively. Two more inscriptions of this chief bearing dates Chalukya-Vikrama year 12, Prabhava, Uttarayana-sankranti and year 16 of the same era, Prajapati, solar eclipse respectively, are found in Kolanupaka itself. Both the inscriptions, like the inscriptions under study, refer themselves to the rule of Tribhuvanamalla suggesting the feudatory status of the Telugu Choda chief under the imperial Chalukya ruler. Thus in all we have four records of Tondaya-Chola maharaja, dates ranging from the Chalukya Vikrama years 12-16 (1088-92 A.D.)1092-93 AD : Koppole, Nalgonda.
This inscription, engraved on a slab lying near a tank opposite the Muthyalamma temple, is in Telugu language and Characters and is dated in the Chalukya Vikrama era (year not specified) Angirasa (A.D. 1092-93). It registers a gift of land in the village Jalapattu for the upkeep of the lake at Kroproli and for the maintenance of the Rudresvaradevara-satra, on the occasion of Uttarayan-Sankranti, by Kanduri-Tondaya-Cholamaharaju. The gift was entrusted to Chilyakamti-Anamtasaka-Pandita.
This inscription, engraved on a slab lying near a tank opposite the Muthyalamma temple, is in Telugu language and Characters and is dated in the Chalukya Vikrama era (year not specified) Angirasa (A.D. 1092-93). It registers a gift of land in the village Jalapattu for the upkeep of the lake at Kroproli and for the maintenance of the Rudresvaradevara-satra, on the occasion of Uttarayan-Sankranti, by Kanduri-Tondaya-Cholamaharaju. The gift was entrusted to Chilyakamti-Anamtasaka-Pandita.
Tonda II has 3 sons Udatiya, Bhima and Gokarna
1098 AD : A number of newly-discovered inscriptions refer to the political conditions prevailing in the twelfth-thirteenth centuries A.D. Among these, mention may be made of the one from Vellala: dated in Saka 1020 (A.D. 1098) and written in Sanskrit language it refers to Mahamandalesvara Mallikarjuna of Kanduri Choda family and traces the genealogy of the family to Karikala and Eruva Bhima.
1104 AD - 1116 AD : Bhimarasa
15th May A.D. 1116 : Panugallu
States while the Chalukya emperor Tribhuvanamalladeva ruling kingdom of the earth, Bhimarasa, a relation of Kanduru Somaladevi installed Gangadevi and Gangesvara and submitted to the emperor who was camping in the Uppayana (Vidu) Kollipaka, that he should consider this as his own work of charity (dharma). It is stated that, the emperor having complied with Bhimarasa's request, made gifts, of land Bhatti-Koduru, Namagallu, Bikkikere etc, included in Bhimavara-12 offerings of Gangesvaradeva after washing feet of Vagisvaradeva.
15th May A.D. 1116 : Panugallu
States while the Chalukya emperor Tribhuvanamalladeva ruling kingdom of the earth, Bhimarasa, a relation of Kanduru Somaladevi installed Gangadevi and Gangesvara and submitted to the emperor who was camping in the Uppayana (Vidu) Kollipaka, that he should consider this as his own work of charity (dharma). It is stated that, the emperor having complied with Bhimarasa's request, made gifts, of land Bhatti-Koduru, Namagallu, Bikkikere etc, included in Bhimavara-12 offerings of Gangesvaradeva after washing feet of Vagisvaradeva.
1116 AD - 1128 AD : Kandur Gokarnachoda I son of Tonda II
Gokarna is ruling from Panugal.
10th March, 1122 AD : Panugal, Nalgonda District
Hail ! in the Calukya-Vikrama year 1043, (being the cyclic) year Subhakrt, in the month of Phalguna, on Amavasya, on Friday, on the occasion of the Solar Eclipse, the glorious Maha-mandalesvara king Gokarna-Coda, washed the feet of Gavaliya Bhimana Peggada, son-in-law of Kammana-peggada, and gave away after pouring water (i.e. in the formal way), the lordship of Maduvulu of 30 badi of Kukkudamu with the asta-bhoga rights.
10th March, 1122 AD : Panugal, Nalgonda District
Hail ! in the Calukya-Vikrama year 1043, (being the cyclic) year Subhakrt, in the month of Phalguna, on Amavasya, on Friday, on the occasion of the Solar Eclipse, the glorious Maha-mandalesvara king Gokarna-Coda, washed the feet of Gavaliya Bhimana Peggada, son-in-law of Kammana-peggada, and gave away after pouring water (i.e. in the formal way), the lordship of Maduvulu of 30 badi of Kukkudamu with the asta-bhoga rights.
11th August 1124 AD : Panagallu
This inscription is on a stone pillar lying in the Pachala Someshwara Temple. Damaged and fragmentary. Records that, on the occasion of Surya grahana in the year Krodhi, S.1046, Mailambika, wife of Tondanripa who had three sons viz., Udayaditya, Bhima and Gokarna granted an agrahara called Choda Bhima Narayanapuram to 108 Brahmanas. Though the month, tithi, and vara (day in week) are not given, the date of the inscription can be calculated on the basis of the solar eclipse, of which there was only one in the year given in the record. It corresponds to Monday, 11th August, A.D. 1124.
27th November 1127 AD : Mamillapalli
This inscription is in the temple of Narasimha Swami. The record is in two parts. The first part states that certain Bhupala Navisetti devotee of Narasimha with the consent of Gundaya Peddana purchased 40 vrittis in Mavindlapalli and 1 vritti belonging to Gundadeva and donated it for the observance of daily worship and naivedya of Sri Narasimha deva. The second part states that Hari hara dasa kheyideva dandanayaka subordinate of Kanduri Gokarna deva Choda maharaja granted 6 puttis of land (chenu) of Mangallu, seed yielding velivolamu in Pomi reddi Cheruvu and marttars to the daily naivedya of Narasimhadeva.
This inscription is on a left pillar in the Siva temple. Records a grant of 2 rukas of Siddhaya to the God Ramesvara deva of Tummeta to maintain perpetual lamp by a certain Pilabache nayaka probably a samanta of Gokarnadeva Choda maharaja for the prosperity of the king.
1128 AD - 1131 AD : Sridevi Tondaya was the son of Udayaditya I, elder brother of Gokarna and Bhima Chōda .
1128 AD : Anamala, Miryalaguda Taluk.
Belonging to the same period are two epigraphs from Anamala in Miryalaguda Taluk. They belong to the Kanduri Choda family which paid allegiance to the Western Chalukyas of Kalyani. One of them, dated Saka 1050 (A.D. 1128), was issued by Sridevi Tondaya and is silent about the overlord, suggesting an independant status.
Belonging to the same period are two epigraphs from Anamala in Miryalaguda Taluk. They belong to the Kanduri Choda family which paid allegiance to the Western Chalukyas of Kalyani. One of them, dated Saka 1050 (A.D. 1128), was issued by Sridevi Tondaya and is silent about the overlord, suggesting an independant status.
The last verse states that Adapa-Erayan-peggade obtained the prabhutva (lordship) from Tondaraja of the line of Jata Choda. From this record we understand that the Choda family of Kanduru belonged to the line of Jata Choda of Eruva as said in the Vollala inscription of Mallikarjuna Choda (Ep. Andhrica IV p.26). Secondly, Sridevi Tondaya, the donor of this record is not properly identifiable among the known members of the Kanduri Choda chiefs. Thirdly, it is not known how Proleyaraja-amatya and Erayana peggada were related to each other.
1131 AD : Adavi-Devulapalli, Miryalaguda Taluk
This inscription is on a slab lying in front of the Chennakesava temple. Records the installation of the deity Ramaramana at the place called Bauddham situated on the bank of the river Krishna by mahamandalesvara Kandari Tondaya-chada, who is described as Koduri- puravaradhisvara and belonging to Kasyapa-gotra and Karikalanvaya. While he was ruling from his capital Panugallur over Kandara nadu Vinuribada-nadu and Kondapalli-nadu, his minister Gopati son of Medama granted two khandugas of hand and taxes (sunkas) for maintaining perpetual lamp to the above deity.
1136 AD : Govinda
Prola II, at the behest of King Somesvara, invaded Kandurunadu to put an end to the rebellion. Prola attacked the general Govinda-damdesa, who had received Panugallu from Kumara Tailapa after Gokarna was killed. Upon defeating and killing Govinda-damdesa, Prola restored Panugallu to Udaya Choda, the son of Gokarna. Prola's campaign into Panugallu seems to have occurred sometime between 1128 and 1136.
1136 AD - 1176 AD : Kandur Udayachoda II Son of Gokarnachoda I
General : Arasalu
King Udayanachoda, who was ruling a vast kingdom comprising 1,100 villages from Panugal in the present Nalgonda district, had expanded his kingdom as far as the present Mahabubnagar district, holding the strategic Krishna River belt under his control.
25th December A.D. 1136 : Peruru, Miryalaguda Taluk, Nalgonda District.
This inscription is set up before the mukhamandapa of the swayambhu Someswara temple. Records the gift of land by madalika Gunadya, an officer under the chief for conducting the offerings and worship on the day of Uttarayana-Sankranthi. The land was measured by a rod called ghada-marturu to the deity Kesavadeva installed by Yajnavalki Kesava-bhatta.
Sirikonda inscription dated A.D.1149 states that, Mahamandalika ketaya of the Pallava lineage obtained kondapallinadu by means of charter from Mahamandaleshwar Koduru Udayana Choda maharaja who was ruling Sirikonda-rajya, made the gift of lands and tolls on various articles of merchandise to the Gods namely adjusted in to the God’s hundi.
An inscription on a stone slab dating back to 1158 CE has been discovered and reported by the villagers of Vavikollu in Gundlapally mandal of Nalgonda district.The orders were passed on a Sunday, which was Pournami (full moon night) of lunar eclipse on August 10, 1158, when the King had gifted his Raj Purohit Sarvadeva Somayajulu a village named ‘Bodavipparru.’ The inscriptions stated that the village was exempted from any form of taxation and that Somayajulu could enjoy the land as per his wishes.
25th December A.D. 1136 : Peruru, Miryalaguda Taluk, Nalgonda District.
This inscription is set up before the mukhamandapa of the swayambhu Someswara temple. Records the gift of land by madalika Gunadya, an officer under the chief for conducting the offerings and worship on the day of Uttarayana-Sankranthi. The land was measured by a rod called ghada-marturu to the deity Kesavadeva installed by Yajnavalki Kesava-bhatta.
Sirikonda inscription dated A.D.1149 states that, Mahamandalika ketaya of the Pallava lineage obtained kondapallinadu by means of charter from Mahamandaleshwar Koduru Udayana Choda maharaja who was ruling Sirikonda-rajya, made the gift of lands and tolls on various articles of merchandise to the Gods namely adjusted in to the God’s hundi.
An inscription on a stone slab dating back to 1158 CE has been discovered and reported by the villagers of Vavikollu in Gundlapally mandal of Nalgonda district.The orders were passed on a Sunday, which was Pournami (full moon night) of lunar eclipse on August 10, 1158, when the King had gifted his Raj Purohit Sarvadeva Somayajulu a village named ‘Bodavipparru.’ The inscriptions stated that the village was exempted from any form of taxation and that Somayajulu could enjoy the land as per his wishes.
1202 AD : Lord of Panugallu, Uppunututa
1239 AD - 1258 AD : Kayastha Ganagaya Sahini
Capital : Kroccherla (Eruva-73 region)
Kayastha Chief Ganagaya Sahini was ruling the region extending from Panugallu in Nalgonda District to Valluru in the Cuddapah district and has the title of Gandapendara.
1250 AD : Led a military expedition into the Seuna kingdom in the west at the command of his master Ganapatideva and made king Kannara or Damodara flee from battle field and was made the head of the seventy two branches of administration of the kingdom.
1254 AD: Encounter with Vaidumba chief Rakkasaganga, was ruling Marjavadi and Pottapinadu regions
1253 AD : An epigraph dated Saka 1175 (A.D. 1253) while mentioning the name of the Kayastha
chief Gangayasahini, mentions his father Sri Dhanava and grandfather Sri Dhasuva who were not known previously. The location of this inscription confirms the statement made in other records of Gangayasahini that his territory extended from Panugallu (in District Nalgonda) to Marjavadi (in District Cuddapah). The Kayasthas served as subordinate chief under the Kakatiyas.
Kayastha Chief Ganagaya Sahini was ruling the region extending from Panugallu in Nalgonda District to Valluru in the Cuddapah district and has the title of Gandapendara.
1250 AD : Led a military expedition into the Seuna kingdom in the west at the command of his master Ganapatideva and made king Kannara or Damodara flee from battle field and was made the head of the seventy two branches of administration of the kingdom.
1254 AD: Encounter with Vaidumba chief Rakkasaganga, was ruling Marjavadi and Pottapinadu regions
1253 AD : An epigraph dated Saka 1175 (A.D. 1253) while mentioning the name of the Kayastha
chief Gangayasahini, mentions his father Sri Dhanava and grandfather Sri Dhasuva who were not known previously. The location of this inscription confirms the statement made in other records of Gangayasahini that his territory extended from Panugallu (in District Nalgonda) to Marjavadi (in District Cuddapah). The Kayasthas served as subordinate chief under the Kakatiyas.
1258 AD - 1269 CE : Kayastha Jannigadeva (Gangayasahani sisters eldest son)
Credited with the title of “right hand of Ganapatideva” and granted the village Pondaiur to SantativadetRai
1267 CE : Sarangapani Deva son of the Seuna king Singhana
1267 AD : Inscription of Sarangapani Deva in the temple of Chaya Somanatha at Panugal of Nalgonda district dated 1267 A.D. which registers a gift of land to the temple by Sarangapanideva son of Seuna king Singhana a subordinate of the Kakatiya Manma Rudradeva which is the same as Rudramadevi. Evidently Sarangapanideva who had seized the fort of Panugal realised that it would be impossible for him to exercise independence without accepting the suzerainty of the Kakatiya queen. In a similar manner it is possible that other Yadava feudatories who might have been exercising control over the Raichur doab might also have accepted the overlordship of the Kakatiyas.
1267 AD : Inscription of Sarangapani Deva in the temple of Chaya Somanatha at Panugal of Nalgonda district dated 1267 A.D. which registers a gift of land to the temple by Sarangapanideva son of Seuna king Singhana a subordinate of the Kakatiya Manma Rudradeva which is the same as Rudramadevi. Evidently Sarangapanideva who had seized the fort of Panugal realised that it would be impossible for him to exercise independence without accepting the suzerainty of the Kakatiya queen. In a similar manner it is possible that other Yadava feudatories who might have been exercising control over the Raichur doab might also have accepted the overlordship of the Kakatiyas.
1269 AD ; Durgi, Palnad Taluk, Guntur District.
This inscription is on a slab in the temple of Gopalaswami, dated S. 1191 (Sukla). States that, while Rudrama-Mahadevi, the pattoddhati (?) of Gaṇapatideva, was ruling at Orugallu and her servant Gandapendara Jannigadevaraja was governing the country from Panungallu to Marjavada, karagam Namaya consecrated the image of Gopinatha at Dugya in Pallinadu and made grants of land and assigned certain taxes for its worship.
This inscription is on a slab in the temple of Gopalaswami, dated S. 1191 (Sukla). States that, while Rudrama-Mahadevi, the pattoddhati (?) of Gaṇapatideva, was ruling at Orugallu and her servant Gandapendara Jannigadevaraja was governing the country from Panungallu to Marjavada, karagam Namaya consecrated the image of Gopinatha at Dugya in Pallinadu and made grants of land and assigned certain taxes for its worship.
Nov 27, 1289 AD Chandupatla Inscription - Chandupatla Village , Nakrekal Mandal, Nalgonda District: As per this inscription, His nephew, Ambadeva declared his independence from Kakatiyas and Rudrama Devi personally led the army to crush the rebellion. It looks like Rudrama Devi died in her attempt to crush the rebellion, most probably killed, along with a General Mallikarjuna Nayudu on 27 November 1289, but there was no mention of the reason and the place of her death.
1289 CE - 1323 CE : Cheraku Immadi Mallikarjuna Nayaka son of Mallikarjuna Nayaka
16th May A.D. 1290. Panugallu.
This inscription is on a pillar in the compound of Chhaya-Somesvara temple. Records that, while Kakatiya Kumara Rudradeva was ruling the kingdom of the world, his subordinate Immadi Mallikarjuna Nayaka, son of Mallikarjuna Nayaka who bore the titles nissanka-Vira and Rayasthapanacharya and grandson of Bollasenapati, the minister of the king, made the gift of some virittis of wetland behind the Udayaditya-samudra for the anga and ranga-bhogas of Chhaya-Somanatha of Panugallu so that merit might accrue to the king. The inscription also describes the genealogy of the royal family beginning with Kakatiya Ganapati. His son was Rudradeva (Rudramba), whose daughter's son was the king Rudradeva.
This inscription is on a pillar in the compound of Chhaya-Somesvara temple. Records that, while Kakatiya Kumara Rudradeva was ruling the kingdom of the world, his subordinate Immadi Mallikarjuna Nayaka, son of Mallikarjuna Nayaka who bore the titles nissanka-Vira and Rayasthapanacharya and grandson of Bollasenapati, the minister of the king, made the gift of some virittis of wetland behind the Udayaditya-samudra for the anga and ranga-bhogas of Chhaya-Somanatha of Panugallu so that merit might accrue to the king. The inscription also describes the genealogy of the royal family beginning with Kakatiya Ganapati. His son was Rudradeva (Rudramba), whose daughter's son was the king Rudradeva.
1384 AD - 1410 AD : Vedagiri I
1397 AD : Immadu Bukka or Bukkaraya II reign Harihara II Sangama Dynasty of Vijayanagara
Son : Anantha
30th December, A.D. 1397 : Panugallu, Kollapur
The record refers to the reign of Harihara II, son of Bukka of the Sangama dynasty of Vijayanagara. The object of the inscription is to record the conquest of Panugallu by the Dviguna-Bukka. The details of the date of the conquest are given as Saka 1319 (expressed by chronogram), Isvara, Pausha (Sahasya), su. 11(Sambhor=dina), Sunday, corresponding to the 30th December 1397 A.D.The epigraph is important in that it records the conquest of Panagulla in Saka 1319 by Imamadi-Bukka during the time of Harihara II and mentions for the first time Ananta, the son of Immadi-Bukka during the time of Harihara II and mentions for the first time, the son of Immadi-Bukka.
1424 AD - 1446 AD : Deva Raya II of Sangama Dynasty of Vijayanagara
1424 AD : Dated in Saka 1346 during the rule of Devaraya, another epigraph records the construction of the temple of Mukti-Ramesvara by Devanarayana, belonging to a Brahmana family from Kasmira, who was the governor of the fort and who claims to have destroyed the army of Firuz Shah.
Ibrahim Qutb Shah
1551 AD : Sayyid Shah Mir Isfahani, son of Sayyad Ahmad Tababai
15th September, 1551 A.D: His Honour (lit. His Refuge), the wielder of authority, Sayyid Shah Mir Isfahani, son of Sayyad Ahmad Tababai (may he be blessed !) rebuilt the embankment of the Pangal tank, which had fallen out of repair through age, and spent money (on this work) from recompense in the next life. The person who worked hard and supervised 2 Sluices : an artificial passage for water fitted with a valve or gate for stopping or regulating flow.103 (the repairs) was Rahmat Ullah, son of Abdul Karim Khwan Shahi (?). The embankment was breached from …… to the boundary of the river Krishna and water flowed from the tank
15th September, 1551 A.D: His Honour (lit. His Refuge), the wielder of authority, Sayyid Shah Mir Isfahani, son of Sayyad Ahmad Tababai (may he be blessed !) rebuilt the embankment of the Pangal tank, which had fallen out of repair through age, and spent money (on this work) from recompense in the next life. The person who worked hard and supervised 2 Sluices : an artificial passage for water fitted with a valve or gate for stopping or regulating flow.103 (the repairs) was Rahmat Ullah, son of Abdul Karim Khwan Shahi (?). The embankment was breached from …… to the boundary of the river Krishna and water flowed from the tank
through the breach (of the dyke) to the town of Pangal………. The share of Musalmans from (the lands of) the tank…….. remain
etc., which was noticed earlier, was re-examined. It was found to contain the date A.H. 978. and Shuhur 971 (A.D. 1571) and not A.H. 958. It was also found to contain the additional information that all the lands from the embankment of (the river) Mushi in Induparal (Yindupukela of the Telugu version) to the bank of the Krishna river (irrigated) by the canals, tanks and ponds are subject to dastband (levy) revertible to qasba Pangal and (from the revenue cess of the lands irrigated) by the dam the Muslims and the king and Hindus would have some share.
Muhammad Quli Padshah.
1602 AD : Narasanayaka
1602 AD : Mangalapalli.
While Mohmmad Quli Padshah was ruling the kingdom and Narasanayaka of Panugallu was administering the Nalgonda Faujdar Mokhasa, the latter's servant Chama Venkaṭaya son of Sarvaya caused the well to be dug near the Siva - Kesava (temple), and installed the Vinayaka pillar and a garden. The garden is exempt from ari and koru. Certain Kasa Ainavolu Potana is said to have made the Vinayaka pillar.
Panugal-1000
While Mohmmad Quli Padshah was ruling the kingdom and Narasanayaka of Panugallu was administering the Nalgonda Faujdar Mokhasa, the latter's servant Chama Venkaṭaya son of Sarvaya caused the well to be dug near the Siva - Kesava (temple), and installed the Vinayaka pillar and a garden. The garden is exempt from ari and koru. Certain Kasa Ainavolu Potana is said to have made the Vinayaka pillar.
Panugal-1000
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