Somandri Dynasty or Gadwal Samsthanam (c.1662 CE - 1948 CE) was a historically significant vassal state (samsthana) under the Nizam of Hyderabad. It was considered one of Hyderabad's most prestigious samsthanas due to being among the oldest, largest, and wealthiest. The rulers belonged to the Mustipalli dynasty, who were Pakanati Reddis and followed the Veera Vaishnava tradition. Gadwal was strategically located in the Raichur Doab, the fertile land between the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers.
Its key historical significance lies in its longevity, dating back to the late 13th century, its military strength (exemplified by rulers like Soma Bhupala), and the prominent roles played by its Rani-rulers (Rani Ammakka and Rani Lingamma) who initially resisted the authority of the first Nizam of Hyderabad. The state is also famous for the development of the distinctive Gadwal handloom sarees. The fort capital was Pudur (Pundrapura), also known as Keshavapuram or Keshavnagar.
The chronology of Gadwal Samsthanam spans from its origins under the Kakatiyas to its eventual integration into independent India.
Its key historical significance lies in its longevity, dating back to the late 13th century, its military strength (exemplified by rulers like Soma Bhupala), and the prominent roles played by its Rani-rulers (Rani Ammakka and Rani Lingamma) who initially resisted the authority of the first Nizam of Hyderabad. The state is also famous for the development of the distinctive Gadwal handloom sarees. The fort capital was Pudur (Pundrapura), also known as Keshavapuram or Keshavnagar.
The chronology of Gadwal Samsthanam spans from its origins under the Kakatiyas to its eventual integration into independent India.
1. Origins and Rise
The Gadwal State is situated within what is called the 'Raichur Doab', between the rivers Tungabhadra and Kistna. It has an area of about 1,200 sq. miles and a population of about 1,10,000 as per the last census. A portion of the Gadwal territory is situate between the Raichur and Alampur Taluqs. Its origin is lost in antiquity.On the fall of the Kaktiya dynasty in 1323 CE, Gadwal appears to have transferred its allegiance to the new Bahmini Kingdom (Kurnool Manual page 23: Elphinstone's India, Vol: II).
When the Bahmini Kingdom of Gulburga was split up into several independent Mohamedan kingdoms, Gadwal attached itself to the most powerful of these, namely, the Adil Shahi Kingdom of Bijapur,.
But with the growth of the power of the Vijayanaga Kingdom, Gadwal seems to have come under the influence of the latter Kingdom, and one constant bone of contention at first between the Gulburga Bahmini Kingdom and the Vijianagar Kingdom and later on between the Bijapur and Vijayanagar Kingdoms seems to have been the possession of the Raichur Doab (Cribble's History of the Deccan, Vol: I pages 48, 62, 102 and 189). By the middle of the 16th century, however, the Doab had become virtually Vijianagar territory (Cribble's History of the Deccan, Vol: 1 page 189).
With the fall of the Vijianagar Kingdom in 1564 A. D. at the battle of Talicota, Gadwal's allegiance necessarily went back to Bijapur, but there is nothing to show that Gadwai ever owned its allegiance to Golconda as stated on page 189 of the " Historical and Descriptive Sketch of H. H. the Nizam's Dominions" by Syed Hussain Bilgrami and Wilmott. "
According to the family history maintained in Gadwal, Pcdda Veera Reddi, Peddanna Bhupaladu, Saroa Reddi, Veera Reddi, and Kumara Veera Reddi, ruled Gadwal between 1553 and 1704
2. Rulers
Somashekar Ananda / Sri Pedda Soma Bhupala (Somanadri) c. 1662 CE - c. 1704 CE
Towards the middle of the 17th century when the Bijapur power became feeble, the Poligar, who was able to command the services of a considerable body of armed men, began to assert his independence.
1687 CE : In this he was encouraged by Emperor Aurangzeb, who was at that period actively engaged in stirring up rebellion and disaffection amongst the feudatories of Bijapur. From the Emperor the Poligar obtained a Sanad of Royalty, which his descendants still retain. After the Poligar's rebellion, a small force from Bijapur, which was sent to attack his fort of Darrur was defeated and its colours captured. The standard which consists of a green ground studded with golden hands still form one of the proudest possessions of the Raja". In this connection, it may be mentioned that there is in the possession of the Samasthan a big drum which is stated to have been captured by the then Raia during the attack on the Fort of Darrur.
Raja Somashekar Bhikshapati / Sree Sree Ranga Rao / Nalla Somanadri
He was succeeded by his son Raja Rambhupal — 1 (1794 — 1807) His succession to the Gadi took place with the concurrence of the Government of both the Nizam and the Maharattas
It was about this time that the British Government was insisting on the Nizam's disbanding his French troops. A favourable opportunity afforded itself because of the fact that several of the tributary chiefs taking advantage of the dual administration of the Maharattas and the Nizam made repeated defaults in the payment of tribute due by them and the Nizam was not able to bring them into subjection. He applied to the British Government for help. They, however, declined to accede to his request for the very good reason that as they were the Allies of both the Nizam and the Maharattas and as the Chiefs were tributaries to both these powers, (hey could not render assistance to one of these refractory chiefs without wounding the susceptibilities of the other and they were further precluded from doing so by the treaty of 1798 (vide Aitchison's Treaties &c, page 53, Art. 5, Gribble's History of the Deccan, Vol : II, page 121). The foremost among the Zamindars against whom the Nizam wanted the help of the British Contingent were those of Shorapur and Gadwal. The correspondence between the Governor — General and the Resident published as an appendix to Brigg's Nizam traces the history of this discussion clearly and succinctly vide Brigg's Nizam Vol II, page 304, 305, 306, 330, 332, (special reference may be made to the letter of Marquess of Wellesley to the Resident at Hyderabad, dated 15th June 1800).
Title: Raja (awarded by Aurangzeb in 1696).
In 1696 Aurangzeb awarded then ruler of Gadwal , Somanna , the title of Raja Soma Bhupala or Somanadri was particularly well-known for having won many battles and strengthened the state.
Ruled. Started the tradition of the Gadwal weavers presenting 'Sesha Vastrams' to Lord Venkateswara at Tirumala
Legacy: He is credited with building the famous fort of Gadwal (1663–1713 AD) and establishing it as the capital. He also constructed several temples, including the Chenkeshava (Venkateshvara) Temple inside the fort.
On 25th November 1711 A. D. the Sarnadgoudagi of Adoni (Imthiaz Gadh), now a Taluq of the Bellary District of the Madras Presidency, was conferred on this Ramannayya during the time of the Moghul Emperor Bahadur Shah. On 26th August 1715, during the time of the Moghul Emperor Farrukh Siyar, the status of the Raja of Gadwal was recognised and the same dignities and privileges continued, but this time the Raja's authority had extended from 6 Mahals in the time of the Emperor Aurangazeb to 15 Mahals in which were now included Adoni (Imthiaz Gadh) which had already been acquired by Ramanayya in 1711, but also villages in the Taluqs of Kurnool (Kamarnagar) and Nandyal (Ghazipur) of the Kurnool District (paragraph 31 of the Revenue Office Note also the Sanad granted in the name of Lingamma and Ramanayya.
In the year 1733 A. D. we find from one of the letters that Peshkush is paid to Nizam-ul-Mulk, the first Nizam. Thus, it will be seen that the allegiance which, as tributaries, the Gadwal Chiefs owed to the Moghul Emperors, was transferred to the Asat Jahi Dynasty.He was succeeded by his widows, Mangamma and Chokkamma (1742 — 1747 A. D.).
After Ramarayadu, his nephew, Somanna(alias Sombhupal — I), the son of Thirumal Rao referred to above became the ruler of Gadwal. ,He,appears to have been both a warrior and a clever diplomat
Legacy: He is credited with building the famous fort of Gadwal (1663–1713 AD) and establishing it as the capital. He also constructed several temples, including the Chenkeshava (Venkateshvara) Temple inside the fort.
Kumara Veera Reddy (15th June 1704 CE - 24th November 1711 CE)
sanand date 15th june 1704 CE.
In recognition of the help which the Gadwal State rendered to Emperor Aurangazeb in his campaign of subjugation of Bijapur and Golconda and on the recommendation of his notorious general and Viceroy Zulfikar Khan, the Emperor confirmed the status of Nadgoud on the then Raja of Palayagar of Gadwal.The tract of the country over which this status was recognised comprised 6 Mahals in which were
included certain taluqs and villages of the present Kurnool District of the Madras Presidency, as also of the Raichur Taluq of H. E. H. the Nizam's Dominions, and among others Banganapalle.
Nadgoud literally translates to the "Chief of the Region" or the "Regional Headman."Rani Lingama & Ramanayya (25th November 1711 CE - 1716 CE)
Kumara Veera Reddy was succeeded by his widow Lingamma and son-in-law Ramanayya, husband of their daughter Buchamma
Lingamma and Ramanayya were succeeded by the latters' son, Somanna, (1716 to 1719) generally known in the Gadwal tradition as Bobhandari.
In 1723 A. D. Nizam-ul-Mulk asserted his independence, Hyderabad, instead of being one of the Provinces of Delhi' became the seat of Government of an independent Kingdom ruled over by the Asaf Jahi Dynasty with the title of Nizam.Somanna (1716 CE - 1727 CE)
son of Ramanayya
In 1716 A. D. peshkush seems to have been paid by him to the Moghul Emperor. He appears to have been a great warrior and the etters addressed to him on behalf of the then Moghul Emperor, Mohamed Shah, in the year 1719 A. D. are coached in the most pressing and entreating terms, impressing upon him the advantages of friendship with the Moghul Emperor and assuring him that his help would never be forgotten and that he would be suitably rewarded. In fact, in one of the letters, he promised the whole of the Carnatic for him as compensation for the help that he would render. The Sarnadgoudagi of Nandyal and Kurnool was again continued upon this Prince.Rani Lingamma & Rani Ammaka 1727 CE – June 1740 CE
Co-administered affairs as vassals of the Nizam until their adopted heir came of age.
Initially ignored the "urgent requisition" for military support from the first Nizam, Nizam ul Mulk Asaf Jah I (in 1727), but acquiesced in 1729 CE. They governed the Samsthanam as vassals of the Nizam. Raja Thirumal Rao (June 1740 CE - 1742 CE)
Sanad of recognition was conferred in June 1740 A. D. His help was also sought for by Nizam-ul-Mulk, the first of the Asaf Jahis. His rule seems to have been a very short one, extending to about two years.Rani Mangamma and Rani Chokamma (1742 AD – 1747 AD)
Raja Ram Bhikshapati / Ramrao (1747 CE – 1761 CE)
Ramarayadu, the brother of Thirumal Rao. His rule lasted from 1747 — 1761 A. D He is the Zamindar referred to on page 34 of the Kurnool Manual as Ramanayadu "the neighbouring Zamindar of Gadwal"! (Ramanayadu is evidently a misprint for Ramarayadu). He was invested with the title of Raja in 1753 A. D. during the reign of Salabat Jah, the 4th Nizam, and came to be known as Raja Ramrao.
In the year 1747 A. D. this Prince got a present of Rs. 2,000 from the Nizam for his services in helping the former with cavalry and infantry. The sum of Rs. 2,000 was directed to be deducted from the peshkush. His rule appears to have been a momentous one.
1753 A , D. i e., even before he became the actual ruler, during the time of Raja Ra, Somanna seems to have been Sarnadgoud of Kurnool by RonmustKhan. The tribute from Kurnool continued to be levied during the time of this Chief also and, according to Syed Hussain Bilgrami and Wilmott, it only ceased with the session of Kurnool to the British by the Nizam by the treaty of 1800 (Aitchison's Treaties, Agreements and Sanad, Volume 9, page 67 Art 5).
Raja Somashekar Bhikshapati II / Chinna Soma Bhupala (1761 CE – 1794 CE)
Poet of repute and greatly encouraged literary activities.
1758 CE : Somanna (named as Gadwal ruler in the local tract)Saka 1680 (text of tract) — corresponds to a Saka date recorded in the local tractLocal tract describing events in villages near Gadwal
Describes Somanna leading armies / plundering a village (local historical tract). Not a stone inscription but a near-primary colonial-era preservation of local documents.
Describes Somanna leading armies / plundering a village (local historical tract). Not a stone inscription but a near-primary colonial-era preservation of local documents.
In the year 1761 A. D. Nawab Salabat Jah Bahadur conferred upon this Prince the offices of Nadgoudagi, Sarnadgoudagi and Sirsarnadgoudagi in respect of 17 Mahals, namely 2 Mahals in Kurnool and Adorn, and 15 Mahals in Nandyal. A Sarnadgoud seems to have had in those days all the paraphernalia of a king such as Chathri (umbrella) and Ghamer, levying of tribute, Nazarana etc. (Revenue Office Note Paragraph 45). During his reign there were several accessions to his territory both to the south of the Tungabadhra as well as to the north of the river Kistna, He obtained certain villages in Amarchinta Samasthan on military tenure during the reign of Nizam All 'Khan, the fifth Nizam- About the year 1765 A. D. he took possession of Rajoli, a neighbouring Pargana, and annexed it to his state. It was at about this time that the Marathas had gained ascendancy in the Deccan and began to levy their chouth or 25 per cent of the revenue, and there came into existence what there-after came to be called Do-Amili or the double Government of the Nizam as well as the Maharattas in this part of the country. This Raja seems to have played the two powers, the Nizam and the Maharattas, one against the other and consolidated his position.
He was succeeded by his son Raja Rambhupal — 1 (1794 — 1807) His succession to the Gadi took place with the concurrence of the Government of both the Nizam and the Maharattas
Raja Ramabhupala I / Sri Rama Rayalu (1794 CE – 1807 CE)
As a result of these negotiations, we find that in the Treaty of 1800, special mention is made in article 17 that if the Shorapur or Gadwal Zamindars should withhold the payment of the Sirkar's claims, the subsidiary force shall be ready in concert with His Highness's own troops to reduce them to obedience (Aitchison's Treaties, &c., page 72). The French contingent was eventually disbanded by the Nizam.
It was in the very same year that Raja Rambhupal Rao was recognised by Nizam Ali Khan with the usual titles of Raja, Bhupal and Bahadur, etc. It was during this Raja's reign that the tribute that was being paid by Kurnool was discontinued and began to be paid to the British Government in Gadwal rupees, (vide page 38 Kurnool Manual).
Sri Rama Rayalu is primarily celebrated for his role in maintaining Gadwal's reputation as a great seat of learning, a reputation that earned the region the title "Vidwad Gadwal" (Gadwal of the Scholars).
Scholarly Eminence: He was a Sanskrit scholar himself, which drove his deep commitment to patronizing classical arts and literature.
Cultural Hub: He actively encouraged and supported literature, music, and other arts.
Convening Scholars: The most notable aspect of his rule was the frequency with which he hosted large scholarly gatherings. Pundits and poets were drawn to the Gadwal court from distant places, including: Varanasi, Mysore, The Krishna and Guntur districts of the Andhra region.
His successful continuation of the samsthanam's cultural tradition laid the groundwork for his son, Raja Sitaram Bhupala I, who would later build upon this legacy by establishing the famous Gadwal handloom saree industry.
Sanskrit scholar and patronized literature, music, and arts. Scholars from distant places convened during his reign.
His reign was dominated by a violent and decisive internal conflict, which is one of the most documented incidents of that era for Gadwal.
The Context: Succession and Intrigue
Predecessor: He succeeded his elder brother, Raja Somashekar Bhikshapati II.
The Amarchinta Controversy: The root of the conflict lay in a valuable land grant called the Amarchinta Jagir. This jagir was a personal gift from the Nizam to a former Raja of Gadwal. Raja Somashekar Bhikshapati II, before his death, willed that this lucrative jagir should not pass to his successor but should instead be given to his own widow, Rani Sitamma, for her maintenance.
The Key Incident: The War of Succession and the "Gadwal War"
This disagreement over the Amarchinta Jagir ignited a major conflict:
Formation of Factions:
Raja Rama Rayalu claimed the entire estate, including Amarchinta, as the rightful ruler.
Rani Sitamma, the widowed queen, insisted on her rights to Amarchinta as per her husband's will. She was supported by a powerful faction within the samsthanam, including the Deshmukh (chief minister) and other officials.
Escalation into Violence: The dispute quickly turned into a civil war within Gadwal. It escalated to the point that the Nizam of Hyderabad, Sikander Jah, had to intervene militarily to restore order.
The Siege of Gadwal Fort: The conflict culminated in a siege. Forces loyal to Rani Sitamma, likely with the tacit support or later involvement of the Nizam's troops, besieged Raja Rama Rayalu inside the formidable Gadwal Fort.
The Death of Rama Rayalu (1804): The most critical event of his reign was his death. According to historical accounts, Raja Rama Rayalu was killed in 1804 while attempting to escape from the besieged Gadwal Fort. Some accounts suggest he was killed by a musket shot, while others state he fell from the fort walls during the escape attempt.
Consequences and Aftermath
Victory for Rani Sitamma: With Rama Rayalu's death, the conflict ended. Rani Sitamma emerged victorious and secured the Amarchinta Jagir for herself.
Succession: Since Rama Rayalu died without a direct heir, the line of succession passed to a relative. Raja Ram Bhikshapati, a cousin or nephew, was installed as the next ruler of Gadwal.
Financial Ruin: This war was extremely costly and is cited as a major factor that began the financial decline of the Gadwal Samsthanam, a problem that would plague the state for the next century (leading to the "Gadwal Question" mentioned earlier).
Patronage and "Vidwad Gadwal" 📜
Scholarly Eminence: He was a Sanskrit scholar himself, which drove his deep commitment to patronizing classical arts and literature.
Cultural Hub: He actively encouraged and supported literature, music, and other arts.
Convening Scholars: The most notable aspect of his rule was the frequency with which he hosted large scholarly gatherings. Pundits and poets were drawn to the Gadwal court from distant places, including: Varanasi, Mysore, The Krishna and Guntur districts of the Andhra region.
His successful continuation of the samsthanam's cultural tradition laid the groundwork for his son, Raja Sitaram Bhupala I, who would later build upon this legacy by establishing the famous Gadwal handloom saree industry.
Raja Rambhupal died in the year 1807, and was succeeded by his son-in-law Raja Seetharam Bhupal — (1807 — 1840) the husband of his daughter Lingamma. His recognition took place on the 8th of July 1807 during the reign of Secunder Jah, the 6th Nizam, by means of a Sanad under the signature of Meer Allum, the then Prime Minister.
Patron of the Arts and Origin of Gadwal Sarees
Raja Sitaram Bhupala I is primarily remembered as the patron who established the Gadwal handloom weaving industryand pioneered the creation of the famous Gadwal Sarees.
Weaver Training: He actively worked to elevate the art of weaving in his state. He sent three of his weavers to Benaras (Varanasi) to learn the sophisticated techniques of weaving spectacular pallus (the decorative end-piece of a saree).
The Gadwal Saree: The weavers returned with the required technical knowledge and blended it with local artistry. They created new masterpieces known for their intricate designs, vibrant colors, fine quality, and especially the famous Kuttu technique (the interlocking weave where the body of the saree is stitched to the border and pallu), which became the hallmark of the Gadwal Saree.Other Contributions
Patron of Scholars: Following the tradition of the Gadwal rulers, he was also a great patron of the arts and learning. His grandfather, Mushtipalli Ramabhupala I, was a Sanskrit scholar, and Sitaram Bhupala I continued the family legacy of supporting scholars, poets, and writers.
Nature of the Conflict
Raja Chandu Lal, as Diwan, was trying to centralize administration and revenues under direct Nizam control.
Gadwal Samsthanam, like other feudatory estates (Samsthanams such as Wanaparthy, Jatprole, and Palvancha), traditionally enjoyed semi-autonomous rights — they collected revenue and maintained local militias.
Around 1812–1815 CE, there were tensions between Raja Chandu Lal’s administration and the Gadwal ruler(then Sri Sitaram Bhupala or his heir), over: Revenue arrears owed to the Hyderabad treasury.
Military autonomy — Gadwal maintained its own armed retainers.
Administrative interference — Chandu Lal attempted to appoint or oversee revenue officers in Samsthan areas.
Raja Rambhupal-II and was recognised by the Nizam's Government by a letter from the then Minister Raja Rambha during the reign of Nizam Nasir-ud-Dowlah. It was during this Raja's time that the Raichur Doab was assigned to the British Government and along with it the Sadwal Teskush by the treaty of 1853 (vide Aitchison's Treaties, 8cc, Page 93) In 1856 the question of exercise of Police powers by the Samasthan was raised during the British occupation, and after referring the matter to the Government of India, the then Resident Mr. Bushby intimated to the Raja that the Police and administration of the Samasthan would be with the Raja himself just in the same way as it was before the assignment to the British. In 1857, the Great Indian Mutiny took place, and though the Raja was young, it is due to the wise administration of Rani Venkatlakshmamma that Gadwal did not imitate the bad example set by Shorapur which ended so disastrously to that Samasthan. In I860, the Raichur Doab was restored to the Nizam and consequently the Gadwal Peshkush was reassigned. From the year 1864 onwards, the question of Judicial powers of the Raja was raised, and it was decided after reference to previous practice that the Raja had complete Civil and Judicial powers without any interference from outside, (though it must be remarked that latterly various inroads have been made into these rights). In the year 1867, an attempt was made by the District Officials to interfere with the Revenue administration of Gadwal by asking for returns, but when the matter was referred to Sir Salar Jung — I, he forthwith assured the Raja that he need not be apprehensive about the intentions of the Nizam's Government and that so long as the Peshkush was regularly paid the Government was not concerned with anything else. Similarly with regard to the exercise of Judicial Powers, it was decided in the same year that the Officers of the Nizam's Government should not interfere with the judicial matters of the Gadwal Samasthan except by way of suggestion and advice. During this Raja's rule, the State became prosperous and wealthy, but several of the ancient privileges were sought to be curtailed by the Nizam's Government, with a certain amount of success. The Raja married Rani Lakshmi Devamma of Thatikonda, but had no issue. He consequently adopted his natural brother's son, Venkatrama Reddy, whose adoption was sanctioned by the Nizam's Government daring the time of the then Minister, Sir Asman Jah Bahadur, in 18% in the reign of the Nawab Sir Mir Mahbub Ali Khan Bahadur. The said adopted son's right to succeed to the Samasthan was recognised and Khillat with the usual jewellery and paraphernalia was given to the Raja in token thereof. Raja Rambhupal Rao II died on 31st March 1901, and was succeeded by his adopted son Raja Sitaram Bhupal Bahadur-ll (1-4-1901 to 12-5-1924).
Raja Sitaram Bhupala I (July 8, 1807 CE – 1840 CE)
Considered one of the best rulers.
During his rule, the Maharatta power was destroyed, and by the treaty of 1822 A.D. the British Government remitted all claims to tribute on the territories of the Nizam (vide Aitchison Treaties &c, page arcicle 2). The tribute that was payable by Gadwal to the Maharattas was claimed by the Nizam's Government. The Raja contended that in-as-much as the British Government became the successors of
the Peshwas, he could not pay that portion of the tribute without the consent of the British Government Consequently Raja Chandulal, the then Minister, wrote a letter to the Raja on 16-2-1824 by order of the Nizam that the Nizam's Government would be responsible to the Raja in the event of the British Government claiming the tribute from Gadwal (vide para 27 of the Revenue office Note), and that the tribute thence-forward payable to Hyderabad would be the old amount of Rs. 40,000 payable to the Nizam plus Rs. 60,000 payable as Chouth and Khandini to the Maharattas making a total of Rs. 1,00,000 and in 1826 the 10,000 which was being paid separately as Tahir-i-Dewani was added to the Peshkush, together with another Rs. 5,000 payable as Tahrir-i-Peshkari, making in all a total of Rs. 1,15,000.
Sent weavers to Benaras to learn pallu weaving, leading to the creation of Gadwal sarees.
Patron of the Arts and Origin of Gadwal Sarees
Raja Sitaram Bhupala I is primarily remembered as the patron who established the Gadwal handloom weaving industryand pioneered the creation of the famous Gadwal Sarees.
Weaver Training: He actively worked to elevate the art of weaving in his state. He sent three of his weavers to Benaras (Varanasi) to learn the sophisticated techniques of weaving spectacular pallus (the decorative end-piece of a saree).
The Gadwal Saree: The weavers returned with the required technical knowledge and blended it with local artistry. They created new masterpieces known for their intricate designs, vibrant colors, fine quality, and especially the famous Kuttu technique (the interlocking weave where the body of the saree is stitched to the border and pallu), which became the hallmark of the Gadwal Saree.Other Contributions
Patron of Scholars: Following the tradition of the Gadwal rulers, he was also a great patron of the arts and learning. His grandfather, Mushtipalli Ramabhupala I, was a Sanskrit scholar, and Sitaram Bhupala I continued the family legacy of supporting scholars, poets, and writers.
c.1812 - 1815 CE Incident: Conflict with the Nizam's Minister: His reign was dominated by a bitter and costly conflict with Raja Chandu Lal (1804 - 1820), the powerful Prime Minister (Diwan) of the Nizam. The dispute was over territorial and revenue rights. The Gadwal Raja spent immense sums fighting legal and military battles against him, which drained the state's treasury.
Nature of the Conflict
Raja Chandu Lal, as Diwan, was trying to centralize administration and revenues under direct Nizam control.
Gadwal Samsthanam, like other feudatory estates (Samsthanams such as Wanaparthy, Jatprole, and Palvancha), traditionally enjoyed semi-autonomous rights — they collected revenue and maintained local militias.
Around 1812–1815 CE, there were tensions between Raja Chandu Lal’s administration and the Gadwal ruler(then Sri Sitaram Bhupala or his heir), over: Revenue arrears owed to the Hyderabad treasury.
Military autonomy — Gadwal maintained its own armed retainers.
Administrative interference — Chandu Lal attempted to appoint or oversee revenue officers in Samsthan areas.
Raja Sitaram Bhupal died in the year 1840, and was succeeded by his second wife, Venkatlakshmamma (19-2-1840 to 2-6-1840). Shortly after the Raja's death, the Nizam's Government in a letter dated 24th March 1840 assured the widow of the deceased Raja that so long as she is loyal and faithful to the Nizam's Government, the Government would be prepared to support the Samasthan.
On 3rd June 1840, Sombhupal— II (3-6-1840 to 26-9-1840) who had been adopted by the Rani Venkatalakshmamma ascended the Gaddi and was recognised by the Nizam's Government as the lawful Ruler. The usual titles, Khillat, Elephant, etc, were despatched to Gadwal on his accession during the reign of Nazir-ud-Dowlah, the 7th Nizam. This Prince was addicted to drink and debauchery, and had been neglecting the duties of the Government. The pay of the troops had fallen into arrears and the Raja had alienated the sympathies of his own people by inviting and employing Beydars from the neighbouring Samasthan of Shorapur. All this exasperated the soldiery and the consequence was that he was shot in open Durbar on 26th September 1844, (vide Col Meadows Taylor's " Story of My lite" Edition of 1882 page 164). Raja Soma Bhupala II 1840 CE – 1844 CE
Rani Venkata Lakshmi 1844 CE – 1845 CE
On the death of Raja Sombhupal — II, his adoptive mother, Venkatalakshmamma (27-9-1844 to 22-11-1845), again assumed the reins of Government and was at the helm of affairs from 27th September 1844 to 22nd November 1845. Rani Venkaialakshmamma adopted her brother's son, Rambhupal— 11(23-11-1845 to 31-3-1901) who succeeded to the Gaddi on 23rd November 1845 as Raja Rambhupal-II and was recognised by the Nizam's Government by a letter from the then Minister Raja Rambux during the reign of Nizam Nasir-ud-Dowlah.
Raja Rambhupal-II (23rd November 1845 – 31st March 1901 CE )
Raja Sitaram Bhupal Bahadur-ll (April 1, 1901 - May 12, 1924)
During his minority, the State was put under the supervision of the Court of Wards with Rani Lakshmi Devamma(1901 - 1913) as guardian or Recent. In the year 1913, the Samasthan was restored to the Raja, and in the same year he married Adllakshmi Devamma from a well-known and respectable Reddi family of Ulsala in the Kurnool District. His Exalted Highness the Nizam, Sir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur, bestowed on him the title of " Maharaja ". He died on 12th May 1924, leaving his widow Maharani Adilakshmi Devamma and two daughters, Vara Lakshmi Devamma and Sri Lakshmi, Devamma.
Raja Sitaram Bhupal Bahadur was the last officially titled Raja, Rani Adi Lakshmi Devamma was the last de facto ruling authority of the Samsthanam when its political autonomy ended in 1948
Revived the glory of the samsthana.
Her reign was defined by tragedy, transition, and the heavy responsibility of steering a princely state into a new era.
Vassal Status: Gadwal was a vassal state (Samsthana) of the Nizam of Hyderabad. It possessed internal administrative autonomy but paid an annual tribute (peshkash) and owed allegiance to the Nizam.
Titles and Authority: Rulers held key regional titles like Nadgoud and Sarnadgoud ("Chief of the Region" or "Regional Headman"), which came with the paraphernalia of a king, including the levying of tribute and Nazarana(tribute).
Judicial Powers: For a period (post-1864), the Raja had complete Civil and Judicial powers without external interference, a privilege Sir Salar Jung I confirmed so long as the Peshkush was paid. However, these rights were later curtailed by the Nizam's Government.
Military: The state maintained its own armed retainers/local militias, which sometimes led to conflict with the Nizam's attempts at centralization (e.g., conflict with Raja Chandu Lal).
Financial Control: The state's financial decline began with the costly internal "Gadwal War" in 1804 and worsened during the territorial/revenue disputes with Diwan Raja Chandu Lal (c. 1812–1815 CE).
Ruling Community: The rulers were Pakanati Reddis of the Mustipalli dynasty, an influential Telugu land-owning caste.
Religious Affiliation: The court followed the Veera Vaishnava tradition.
Intellectual Hub: The region earned the title "Vidwad Gadwal" due to the royal patronage of Sanskrit scholars, poets, and musicians who convened at the court from across South India.
Military Families: Specific families, such as the Mallichetti Vamshiyulu, held hereditary positions as protectors and bodyguards of the royal family.
Artisan Class: A thriving community of weavers was supported by the court, specializing in the high-value Gadwal Sarees.
Religious Architecture: The Gadwal Fort houses significant temples, including the main deity's temple, Sri Chennakesava Swamy Temple, Sri Venugopala Swamy Temple, and Sri Ramalayam.
Handloom Art: The Gadwal saree is the most significant artistic contribution, with a family (Konkathi family) continuously weaving the special 'Sesha Vastrams' for Lord Venkateswara at Tirumala for over 10 generations, a tradition established by Nalla Somanadri Raja.
Mughal Empire: Gadwal secured a crucial Sanad of Royalty from Emperor Aurangzeb in the late 17th century, formalizing its status as a Raja.
Nizam of Hyderabad (Asaf Jahi Dynasty): Gadwal was a vassal state of the Nizam from the 1720s, paying tribute and providing military support, though often negotiating and asserting its autonomy (e.g., Ranis Ammakka and Lingamma initially resisted the first Nizam).
Marathas: The state was subject to the Maratha Chouth (25% revenue levy) during their ascendancy, leading to a period of Do-Amili (double Government), which Raja Chinna Soma Bhupala exploited for consolidation.
British East India Company/British Raj: The British became the paramount power. The Raichur Doab, including Gadwal, was temporarily ceded to the British in 1853 but restored to the Nizam in 1860. The 1863 Sanad placed Gadwal under British political supervision, guaranteeing its status as a separate entity while maintaining its tribute to the Nizam
Cultural Hub: Established and maintained a legacy as "Vidwad Gadwal," a celebrated center of Sanskrit learning, literature, and art.
Handloom Innovation: Pioneered the distinctive Gadwal Saree, a globally recognized textile art form, under Raja Sitaram Bhupala I.
Female Rulers: Notable for the prominence and influence of its Rani-rulers (Rani Ammakka, Rani Lingamma, Maharani Adi Lakshmi Devamma) in securing and administering the state.
Military Power: Historically renowned for its military strength, exemplified by its successful assertion of independence from Bijapur and its early resistance to the Nizam.
1663–1713 AD Construction of the Gadwal Fort by Raja Somanadri.
1696 AD Aurangzeb awards Raja title to Somanna (Pedda Soma Bhupala).
1704 AD Kumara Veera Reddy granted sanad for six mahals in the Kurnool area.
1727-1729 CE Ranis Ammakka and Lingamma communicated with the First Nizam.
1853 AD Raichur Doab (Gadwal) temporarily assigned to the British.
1857 AD Gadwal did not participate in the Great Indian Mutiny.
1860 AD Raichur Doab restored to the Nizam.
1947 AD Maharani Adi Lakshmi Devamma aids the annexation of Hyderabad state into independent India.
1948-1949 AD Samsthanam is fully integrated into the Indian Union.
Maharani Adi Lakshmi Devamma (May 13, 1924 CE – 1929 / 1948 CE)
In 1928 the Samasthan was released from the superintendence of the Court of Wards which was imposed after the death of the late Maharaja but general supervision of the Revenue Department was kept for a period of 5 years. In March 1934 R E. H. was pleased to remove even this supervision and conferred on the Maharani the fullest powers for the administration of her State.
Her reign was defined by tragedy, transition, and the heavy responsibility of steering a princely state into a new era.
As Regent, she would have presided over darbars (court sessions), managed the state's revenues from land and the famous Gadwal saree workshops, and overseen the traditional religious and cultural patronage expected of the Gadwal rulers.
Navigating Dual Suzerainty: She had to skillfully manage Gadwal's complex position, paying tribute and showing fealty to the Nizam of Hyderabad while simultaneously operating under the political supervision of the British Raj.
Legacy and Significance
Maharani Adi Lakshmi Devamma's legacy is that of a steadfast guardian during a period of crisis.
By successfully adopting an heir and ruling as a stable regent, she ensured the survival of the Gadwal royal line for another generation, preventing potential annexation or political disintegration.
Symbol of Transition: Her life spanned the final years of the old world of princely India and its dissolution into modern democratic India. She is a symbolic figure of that transition.
Cultural Patron: While specific details are less documented than for earlier rulers, as the senior queen, she would have continued the tradition of patronizing temples, festivals, and the arts, including the renowned Gadwal saree weaving industry.
In conclusion, Maharani Adi Lakshmi Devamma was not a ruler who expanded territories or won great battles. Her greatness lay in her resilience and stewardship, guiding the Gadwal Samsthanam through the vulnerabilities of a succession crisis and maintaining its stability until the very forces of history rendered all such states a part of the past.
By successfully adopting an heir and ruling as a stable regent, she ensured the survival of the Gadwal royal line for another generation, preventing potential annexation or political disintegration.
Symbol of Transition: Her life spanned the final years of the old world of princely India and its dissolution into modern democratic India. She is a symbolic figure of that transition.
Cultural Patron: While specific details are less documented than for earlier rulers, as the senior queen, she would have continued the tradition of patronizing temples, festivals, and the arts, including the renowned Gadwal saree weaving industry.
In conclusion, Maharani Adi Lakshmi Devamma was not a ruler who expanded territories or won great battles. Her greatness lay in her resilience and stewardship, guiding the Gadwal Samsthanam through the vulnerabilities of a succession crisis and maintaining its stability until the very forces of history rendered all such states a part of the past.
Raja Sitaram Bhupal Bahadur III (4th June 1929 - 1948 CE)
The Adoption and the Heir:
The central political act of her regency was the selection of an heir to stabilize the dynasty.The Adoption: In 1922, following royal custom and with the necessary approvals from the British Political Agent and the Nizam of Hyderabad, Maharani Adi Lakshmi Devamma formally adopted a boy from a branch of the royal family.
The Heir: The adopted child was named Sitaram Bhupal Bahadur III, continuing the lineage named after the dynasty's prominent rulers.
Her Role: As Regent, she was responsible for the upbringing, education, and grooming of the young Maharaja until he came of age. She effectively ruled Gadwal for nearly a decade as its sovereign administrator."Sita Ram Bhupal Bahadur... born 1913; invested with ruling powers 4th June 1929."
Raja Sitaram Bhupal Bahadur's reign was entirely within the twilight of the princely states era.
Early Rule (1929-1947): He managed the internal affairs of Gadwal under the suzerainty of the Nizam of Hyderabad and the paramountcy of the British Crown. His focus would have been on administration, revenue collection, and maintaining the status quo.
The End of an Era (1947-1948): He was the ruling monarch during India's independence and the subsequent Police Action against Hyderabad (Operation Polo) in September 1948.
Accession and Merger: Following the Indian military action, he, along with the other nobles of Hyderabad, acceded to the Indian Union. The Gadwal Samsthanam was then abolished and merged into the Indian state of Hyderabad, which later became part of Andhra Pradesh and is now in Telangana.
Title Abolition: With the abolition of princely privileges and titles in 1971, his official status as a ruler ended.The Final Chapter: Witnessing the End of an Era
The central political act of her regency was the selection of an heir to stabilize the dynasty.The Adoption: In 1922, following royal custom and with the necessary approvals from the British Political Agent and the Nizam of Hyderabad, Maharani Adi Lakshmi Devamma formally adopted a boy from a branch of the royal family.
The Heir: The adopted child was named Sitaram Bhupal Bahadur III, continuing the lineage named after the dynasty's prominent rulers.
Her Role: As Regent, she was responsible for the upbringing, education, and grooming of the young Maharaja until he came of age. She effectively ruled Gadwal for nearly a decade as its sovereign administrator."Sita Ram Bhupal Bahadur... born 1913; invested with ruling powers 4th June 1929."
Raja Sitaram Bhupal Bahadur's reign was entirely within the twilight of the princely states era.
Early Rule (1929-1947): He managed the internal affairs of Gadwal under the suzerainty of the Nizam of Hyderabad and the paramountcy of the British Crown. His focus would have been on administration, revenue collection, and maintaining the status quo.
The End of an Era (1947-1948): He was the ruling monarch during India's independence and the subsequent Police Action against Hyderabad (Operation Polo) in September 1948.
Accession and Merger: Following the Indian military action, he, along with the other nobles of Hyderabad, acceded to the Indian Union. The Gadwal Samsthanam was then abolished and merged into the Indian state of Hyderabad, which later became part of Andhra Pradesh and is now in Telangana.
Title Abolition: With the abolition of princely privileges and titles in 1971, his official status as a ruler ended.The Final Chapter: Witnessing the End of an Era
3. Administration
The administration of Gadwal Samsthanam was characterized by semi-autonomy within a dual suzerainty framework.Vassal Status: Gadwal was a vassal state (Samsthana) of the Nizam of Hyderabad. It possessed internal administrative autonomy but paid an annual tribute (peshkash) and owed allegiance to the Nizam.
Titles and Authority: Rulers held key regional titles like Nadgoud and Sarnadgoud ("Chief of the Region" or "Regional Headman"), which came with the paraphernalia of a king, including the levying of tribute and Nazarana(tribute).
Judicial Powers: For a period (post-1864), the Raja had complete Civil and Judicial powers without external interference, a privilege Sir Salar Jung I confirmed so long as the Peshkush was paid. However, these rights were later curtailed by the Nizam's Government.
Military: The state maintained its own armed retainers/local militias, which sometimes led to conflict with the Nizam's attempts at centralization (e.g., conflict with Raja Chandu Lal).
Financial Control: The state's financial decline began with the costly internal "Gadwal War" in 1804 and worsened during the territorial/revenue disputes with Diwan Raja Chandu Lal (c. 1812–1815 CE).
4. Economy and Trade
Gadwal was considered one of Hyderabad's wealthiest samsthanams, with an economy based on agriculture and specialized manufacturing.
Geographic Advantage: Its location in the fertile Raichur Doab provided a strong agricultural base for revenue.
Revenue Collection: The main source of income was land revenue, which the Samsthanam had the right to collect.
Tribute (Peshkush): After the destruction of the Maratha power, the Nizam's Government consolidated the tribute. By 1826 CE, the total annual Peshkush was fixed at ₹ 1,15,000 (this included the old Nizam's amount plus the former Maratha Chouth and other fees).
Handloom Industry: The most distinctive economic and trade feature was the Gadwal Handloom Saree industry, established by Raja Sitaram Bhupala I. These sarees are renowned for the Kuttu technique (interlocking weave of the cotton body with the silk border/pallu) and were an important commodity for internal and external trade.
5. Society
Gadwal society was a feudal structure centered around the ruling Reddi dynasty and structured by traditional caste and community roles.Ruling Community: The rulers were Pakanati Reddis of the Mustipalli dynasty, an influential Telugu land-owning caste.
Religious Affiliation: The court followed the Veera Vaishnava tradition.
Intellectual Hub: The region earned the title "Vidwad Gadwal" due to the royal patronage of Sanskrit scholars, poets, and musicians who convened at the court from across South India.
Military Families: Specific families, such as the Mallichetti Vamshiyulu, held hereditary positions as protectors and bodyguards of the royal family.
Artisan Class: A thriving community of weavers was supported by the court, specializing in the high-value Gadwal Sarees.
6. Art and Culture
Literary Patronage: Rulers like Chinna Soma Bhupala and Mushtipalli Ramabhupala I were poets and great patrons of literature, music, and other arts.Religious Architecture: The Gadwal Fort houses significant temples, including the main deity's temple, Sri Chennakesava Swamy Temple, Sri Venugopala Swamy Temple, and Sri Ramalayam.
Handloom Art: The Gadwal saree is the most significant artistic contribution, with a family (Konkathi family) continuously weaving the special 'Sesha Vastrams' for Lord Venkateswara at Tirumala for over 10 generations, a tradition established by Nalla Somanadri Raja.
7. Foreign Relations
Early Powers: Allegiance shifted from the Kakatiyas to the Bahmini and Bijapur Sultanates, and briefly the Vijayanagar Kingdom.Mughal Empire: Gadwal secured a crucial Sanad of Royalty from Emperor Aurangzeb in the late 17th century, formalizing its status as a Raja.
Nizam of Hyderabad (Asaf Jahi Dynasty): Gadwal was a vassal state of the Nizam from the 1720s, paying tribute and providing military support, though often negotiating and asserting its autonomy (e.g., Ranis Ammakka and Lingamma initially resisted the first Nizam).
Marathas: The state was subject to the Maratha Chouth (25% revenue levy) during their ascendancy, leading to a period of Do-Amili (double Government), which Raja Chinna Soma Bhupala exploited for consolidation.
British East India Company/British Raj: The British became the paramount power. The Raichur Doab, including Gadwal, was temporarily ceded to the British in 1853 but restored to the Nizam in 1860. The 1863 Sanad placed Gadwal under British political supervision, guaranteeing its status as a separate entity while maintaining its tribute to the Nizam
8. Achievements and Legacy
Strategic Longevity: Survived centuries of tumultuous change, from the Kakatiya era to the fall of the Mughals and the rise of the Nizam.Cultural Hub: Established and maintained a legacy as "Vidwad Gadwal," a celebrated center of Sanskrit learning, literature, and art.
Handloom Innovation: Pioneered the distinctive Gadwal Saree, a globally recognized textile art form, under Raja Sitaram Bhupala I.
Female Rulers: Notable for the prominence and influence of its Rani-rulers (Rani Ammakka, Rani Lingamma, Maharani Adi Lakshmi Devamma) in securing and administering the state.
Military Power: Historically renowned for its military strength, exemplified by its successful assertion of independence from Bijapur and its early resistance to the Nizam.
9. Chronology, Dating and Inscriptions
1290 AD Pedda Veera Reddy established the samsthana under Kakatiya Pratapa Rudra.1663–1713 AD Construction of the Gadwal Fort by Raja Somanadri.
1696 AD Aurangzeb awards Raja title to Somanna (Pedda Soma Bhupala).
1704 AD Kumara Veera Reddy granted sanad for six mahals in the Kurnool area.
1727-1729 CE Ranis Ammakka and Lingamma communicated with the First Nizam.
1853 AD Raichur Doab (Gadwal) temporarily assigned to the British.
1857 AD Gadwal did not participate in the Great Indian Mutiny.
1860 AD Raichur Doab restored to the Nizam.
1947 AD Maharani Adi Lakshmi Devamma aids the annexation of Hyderabad state into independent India.
1948-1949 AD Samsthanam is fully integrated into the Indian Union.
Sanads: Royal charters of recognition and titles from the Kakatiyas, Mughals (Aurangzeb, Bahadur Shah, Farrukh Siyar), and the Nizams (Secunder Jah, Nazir-ud-Dowlah).
Letters: Correspondence with Moghul Emperors (e.g., Mohamed Shah) and Nizams (e.g., Nizam-ul-Mulk, Raja Chandulal), often detailing tribute payment (Peshkush) and military requests.
Local Tracts: Near-primary documents describing local historical events (e.g., the tract describing Somanna leading armies in 1758 CE).
As a vassal itself, Gadwal Samsthanam did not have its own vassals. Upon its dissolution in 1949, it was fully absorbed into the new Indian Union as part of the Hyderabad State, which was later reorganized based on linguistic lines. The territory now primarily lies within the Jogulamba Gadwal district of Telangana (formerly part of Mahbubnagar district), carrying forward its cultural legacy as a part of modern India.
Letters: Correspondence with Moghul Emperors (e.g., Mohamed Shah) and Nizams (e.g., Nizam-ul-Mulk, Raja Chandulal), often detailing tribute payment (Peshkush) and military requests.
Local Tracts: Near-primary documents describing local historical events (e.g., the tract describing Somanna leading armies in 1758 CE).
10. Successor States/Vassals
Territorial Control: Gadwal's authority, via the titles Sarnadgoudagi and Sirsarnadgoudagi, covered 15 to 17 Mahals, which included:
Parts of the present-day Kurnool District (Madras Presidency).
Raichur Taluq.
Adoni (Imthiaz Gadh).
Nandyal and Kurnool (Kamarnagar) Taluqs (where it levied tribute).
Banganapalle.
Amarchinta Jagir: The land grant of the Amarchinta Jagir, which was the cause of the 1804 war, was a valuable holding, but the nature of its relationship to the Gadwal state varied (sometimes a personal gift from the Nizam, sometimes claimed as part of the Samsthanam).
Parts of the present-day Kurnool District (Madras Presidency).
Raichur Taluq.
Adoni (Imthiaz Gadh).
Nandyal and Kurnool (Kamarnagar) Taluqs (where it levied tribute).
Banganapalle.
Amarchinta Jagir: The land grant of the Amarchinta Jagir, which was the cause of the 1804 war, was a valuable holding, but the nature of its relationship to the Gadwal state varied (sometimes a personal gift from the Nizam, sometimes claimed as part of the Samsthanam).
Sources
http://www.thehindu.com/arts/weaving-in-the-service-of-the-lord/article41579.ece
Imperial Gazetteer of India
James Sutherland Cotton Sir Richard BurnSir William Stevenson Meyer
http://www.thehindu.com/arts/weaving-in-the-service-of-the-lord/article41579.ece
Imperial Gazetteer of India
James Sutherland Cotton Sir Richard BurnSir William Stevenson Meyer
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