Mudigonda Chalukyas

845 AD - 1200 AD
Founder : Ranamarda
Capital : Mudigonda

The Mudigonda Chalukyas were based east of the Kakatiya territories. They hailed from the village of Mudigonda (located near modern Khammam), and ruled most of modern-day Khammam district and east area of Warangal between the 8th and 12th centuries. They were originally subordinates of the Chalukyas of Vengi, but later passed under the suzerainty of the Western Chalukyas of Kalyani. From c.1000 onwards, Bottu Beta and his successors ruled as subordinates of the Kakatiyas.

The history of family is known to us from the Mogilicheruvula grant of Kusumayudha IV, Kukunuru plates (krivvaka grant) of Kusumaditya and Nattaramesvaram records.

Their kingdom bordered the kingdoms of Vengi and Malkhed.
Gonagudu I

Kokkiraja, Son
Ruled from Capital Mudigonda.
Kokkiraja was a valorous king who ruled the kingdom with the help of his brother Ranamarda.

c. 865 AD - c. 890 AD : Ranamarda, Brother

According to Mogilicharla inscription he developed Manchikonda, Kondapalli as cities and reportedly wore a necklace called 'Ranamarda Kantiya' to denote his victories.

c. 890 AD - c. 915 AD : Kusumayudha I

Kusumayudha belongs to the `Ranamarda' family of the Mudugonda Chalukya lineage. In this connection it is stated in the inscription that Kusumayudha was the ornament of the Ranamarda family (Ranamardd=anvaya-kula-tilaka) and that he restored the 'Ranamarda- kanthi' to the Eastern Chalukya king namely Chalukya Bhima, son of Vikramaditya, which he had wrested from 'Kannara Ballaha',- a title of Krishna II of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, who obviously had taken possession of it earlier.

 

c. 895 AD : Kusumayudha I aided the escape of Vengi Chalukya Bhima I (892 - 921) from Rashtrakuta Vassal Vemulawada Chalukya Baddega I (c.850-895) who showed dauntless courage and remarkable bravery in restoring the Vengi kingdom to Chalukya Bhima I.

Kannara Ballaha or Krishna Vallabha who was a contemporary of Chalukya Bhima is none other than the Rashtrakūta king Krishna II who ruled from 878 A.D. to 914 A.D. He was an enemy of the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi. He suffered defeat and humiliation at the hands of Gunaga Vijayaditya III, the paternal uncle and predecessor of Chalukya Bhima I. The death of the former in 892 A.D., the succession of the latter to the throne, and internal dissensions in the Eastern Chalukyan royal family gave Krishna II an excellent opportunity to avenge his former defeats. Now, the Mudugonda Chalukyas were the vassals of the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi; and their territory lay in between the Eastern Chalukya and Rashtrakūta dominions. Krishna II., therefore, had to pass through their territory during his advance on Vengi. He was obviously successful in seizing it. That was how the Ranamarda country fell into his hands. Kusumayudha I, as stated in the Koravi inscription, succeeded in wresting it back from him and investing his overlord, Chalukya Bhima I, with it.

Kusumayudha has 2 sons Vijayaditya Gonaga and Niravadya.

c. 915 AD - 933 AD : Vijayaditya Gonaga / Kariya Gonaga or Gonagudu II 

Kusumayudha I was succeeded by his eldest son, Gunaga Bijayita. He seems to have been a powerful warrior. It is stated that solely with the help of his sword he ruled the earth along with Chalukya Bhima, enjoying all the pleasures of royalty. 

Gonagayya who lost his kingdom went to Arikesari II (930 - 955 AD)  of Vemulawada Chalukyas for help.

933 AD : From the Vemulawada inscription of Arikesari II (A.D. 930-955) the chief of Vemulavada Chalukya family, it is known that Bijja sought shelter in his court, when he was attacked by Rashtrakuta Govinda IV (A.D. 930-936). 

Arikesari II offered shelter to Vijayadhithya and made him the ruler of Chennur

933 AD - 936 AD : Niravadya (Nijjayaraja)

935 AD : The Koravi grant mentions that Niravadya brother of Vijayaditya Gonaga usurped the throne.

Probably sided with Govinda IV (930 - 936)

Anungu Gonanga was ruling happily enjoying "kama-bhoga". Besides, we are also told that Gonanga was summoned by Peddana, son of Nalla Meraya of Koravi to his presence and declared, "to me you are a friend beloved as my life; for the help you rendered me I must recompense you what you desire

It is stated that Niravadya set up the present epigraph in order to maintain the privileges granted by his own brother to Koravi; and that he also built Bhimesvaram and a tank etc.

The record recounts that the sovereignty of the Vengi kingdom which was eclipsed (asta) as a result of the invasion of the Rashtraknța king Krishna II, was regained and restored to Chalukya Bhima (892-922), Lord of Vengi, bearing the title Vishnuvardhana and the epithet Saucha-kandarpa. The heroic chief who played a leading role in this achievement by dint of his bravery and prowess of arms was Kusumayudha of the Ranamarda family. In the course of this alien invasion the ancestral estate of the Ranamarda family also fell into the hands of the enemy, but it was recovered. In recognition of this signal service Chalukya Bhima shared half of his kingdom with Kusumayudha who is stated to have been ruling the Vengi country consisting of Manchikonda province and other tracts.

936 AD - c. 965 AD : Kusumayudha II son of Vijayaditya Gonaga
Ruled Koravi region

Arikesari II (930 - 955 AD) of Vemulavada Chalukya defeated Govinda IV (930 - 936) dethroned him and transferred the Rashtrakuta empire to Amogavarsha III (936 - 939) and Koravi to Kusumayudha II son of Vijayaditya Gonaga.

Vijayaditya II

Kusumayudha III
He had four sons Gonaga, Nijjayaraja, Mallapa and Lobhachalaka.
Gonaga and Nijjayaraja came to the throne successively after the death of Kusumayudha III.

Gonaga 

Nijjayaraja

1004 AD : Kusumayudha IV

The Mudugonda Chalukyas moved their capital to a place called Bottu, and adopted "Bottu" as their family name. The exact identity of this place is not certain, but it was located south of Mudigonda. 

Mogalicheruvu grant and Krivvaka inscription was issued by Kusumayudha IV.

Bezawada copper plate inscription – Kusumayudha had donated Kukiparru village to Potamaiah, a Brahmin. Narayani Copper Plate inscription (1004 A.D.)

995 AD : Betaraja I

Viriyala Erra supported by Western Chalukya King Taila II (973 – 997) killed Kakatiya King Gunda IV (950 - 995) and installed Bottu Beta as the ruler of koravi.

Kusumayudha V

Betaraja II

Kusumayudha VI
Kaktiya Rudra in his last days deputed his general Recherla Rudra to subdue the Bottu chief of Koravi. Kusumayudha VI along with his ministers Karunadhi pati, Indaparaju and Devaraju was forced to retreat to the forest and lived underground for 12 years and later recaptured the kingdom.

1200 AD : Nagatiraja
Nagatiraja was the last prominent ruler in this dynasty.
Kakatiya Mahadeva died in 1198 AD and his son Ganapatidev captured, Nagatiraja attacked Kaktiya kingdom. Recherla Rudra came to the rescue and chased away Nagatiraja. 

After the release of Kakatiya Ganapatideva, he annexed the Mudigonda region to the Kaktiya empire. Thus ended the rule of Mudigonda Chalukya dynasty in c.1200 AD.

1213 AD : Palampeta inscription issued by Rudrasenani states that Recharla Rudra defeated the last king of Mudigonda Chalukyas Nagathi Raju. 

1218 AD : According to the Srikakulam inscription, Nagatiraja who lost his kingdom lived in Konalu region.

Bottu Sriramabhadra : Issued inscription in Gopalaswamy temple at Srikakulam.



https://mcrhrdi.gov.in/images/epigraphia/Vol-I.pdf

http://www.sarkarinaukriseva.com/2015/12/vemulawada-mudigonda-chalukyas-telangana-history-notes-వేములవాడ-ముదిగొండ.html
Inscriptions of the Minor Chalukya Dynasties of Andhra Pradesh By Kolluru Suryanarayana
http://www.namasthetelangaana.com/Nipuna-Education/వేములవాడ-ముదిగొండ-చాళుక్యులు-15-2-477398.aspx

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Musunuri Nayaks

1325 AD - 1368 AD : Musunuri Nayaks

Founder : Prolaya Nayaka

Capitals: Rekhapalli (Bhadrachalam), Warangal, 

Father: Pochi / Pochaya Nayaka

Brothers: Raja nayaka, Kamma nayaka and Deva nayaka 

Musunuri Nayaks were warrior clans, who were a part of the Kakatiya army which had regained Telangana in the year 1326. Prior to this, the Delhi Sultanate had occupied this area. Kaapaneedu and Musunuri Prolaneedu were known to be famous Musunuri Nayaks. 'Prolaya' and 'Kapaya' belonged to the Musunuri family, particularly to the clan of 'Durjaya'. 

Musunuri Nayakas were the first to raise the banner of revolt against the new rulers imposed from Delhi. The erstwhile Kakatiya empire was administratively divided into 77 Nayankaras; each under the control of a Nayaka. Most of them fought under Prataparudra against the Delhi armies and lost their lives. Among the few survivors were Induluru Anna Mantri, Kolani Rudradeva, Recharla Singama and Prolaya Vema Reddi of Addanki etc. All of them joined hands under the leadership of Prolaya Nayak, ‘the Kamma chieftain of Musunuru in Nuzvidu area of the present-day Krishna district.’8 He in turn was supported by his three uncles namely Deva Nayaka, Kama Nayaka and Raja Nayaka, and also his cousin, Kapaya Nayak. His strategy was based on guerrilla attacks launched from inaccessible place called Rekapalli in Bhadrachalam forests. He was able to gain control of the delta region between Godavari and Krishna. In 1332 CE, he died without an issue and was succeeded by his cousin, Kapaya Nayak.

Kapaya Nayak carried forward the movement initiated by Prolaya Nayak. He carried on negotiations with the neighbouring rulers like Ballala-III of Dwarasamudra and the chieftains of the Warangal region. In 1336-37 CE, he recaptured the Warangal fort by defeating the occupying army. “As the Governor, Malik Maqbool fled to Delhi, Kapaya Nayak entered the fort and made Warangal his capital. He was reportedly served by the traditional 75 Nayakas of the erstwhile Kakatiya Imperium.

A nayaka or chieftain of that time period usually administered and ruled a regional area for an Empire, in this case for the Kakatiyas.

The Kakatiya kingdom of Pratapa Rudra was taken care of by 'Nayaks', who were the 75 warrior chieftains. They were known for their courage and their services, especially during times of emergency. Numerable Nayak chiefs were defeated and consequently had converted to the religion of Islam. However, some of these chiefs were also returned as governors. Bukka and Harihara were amongst such Nayak chiefs and they had founded the kingdom of Vijayanagara at the area of Hampi. 

In 1323, following the defeat of Warangal, the forts at Kolanuveedu, Kondapalli, Nellore, Nidadavole, Kondaveedu and Rajahmundry were captured by the Muslim armies. The kingdoms of Kampili, Hoysala and Madhura in Tamil Nadu were also included as territories of the Delhi Sultanate. Ulugh Khan occupied the Delhi throne after assuming the name of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq.

1325 AD - 1333 AD : Prolaya Nayaka
Kolani Rudradeva and Annaya Mantri were patriotic people who were capable of uniting the Nayak chieftains. They chose a valiant Nayak as their leader, Musunuri Prolayanayak or 'Prolaaneedu; and he was known for being a bold warrior. Pochi nayaka was the father of Prolaya nayaka. Raja nayaka, Kamm a nayaka and Deva nayaka were the three brothers of Prolaya nayaka. 

Musunuri Kaapaaneedu was Devanayaka's son and was a confidante of Prolaya. Prolaya was also assisted by some of his cousins and played a significant role in uniting the Nayaks. Prolaya motivated the Nayaks to protect their Hindu Dharma. Vundi Vengabhupathi, Manchikonda Ganapatinayaka, Recherla Singamanayaka, Koppula Prolayanayaka and Addanki Vemareddy were some of the most illustrious Nayaks.

By the year 1326, Warangal was freed by the armies of the Nayaks after the Muslims were overthrown from their empire, in Telangana. Several inscriptions explained the victories of Prolaya. Prolaya's cousins reconstructed old temples, strengthened the forts, and offered rich gifts to Brahmins. They patronised literature and arts. The Musunuri Nayaks were said to have aided numerous rulers to attain freedom from the Delhi Sultanate. The Hoysala king had joined the Musunuri Nayaks in their efforts to liberate the region of Telangana and Warangal fort from the Muslim invaders.

Prolaya Nayaka left no children and was succeeded by his brother Devanayaka son Kapaya Nayaka.

1333 AD - 1368 AD : Kapaya Nayaka

Kapaya Nayaka led a larger rebellion against the Tughluq rule, driving it out of Warangal in 1336. According to the Kaluvacheru grant of Anithalli, a female member of the Panta Reddi clan in 1423, Kapaya Nayaka was assisted by 75 Nayakas. The grant also states that Prolaya Vema Reddi was one among these 75 Nayakas.

Kapaya Nayaka took control of Warangal from Malik Maqbul or Mala Yugandharudu in 1336 and thus also of a wider swathe of eastern Telangana that was governed from there. He also tried to support other rebels in the surrounding areas, although in the case of aid given to Alauddin Bahman Shah, the outcome was that his fellow rebel turned on him. Several military engagements with Bahman Shah followed over a period of years, during which Kapaya Nayaka had to cede various forts and territories, including Golconda (near modern Hyderabad).

Decline of Musunuri Nayaks

The Recherla Vema Nayaks who were spearheaded by Singama had plundered Addanki, which was ruled by Vema Reddy. However, Singama could not achieve his goals as Vema Reddy, along with Kaapaya fought in unison against him. Kaapaya also helped the Bahmani ruler to thwart the attack planned by the Delhi Sultanate. 

1350: Bahman Shah led his first campaign against Warangal in 1350 and forced its ruler Kapaya Nayaka to cede to him the fortress of Kaulas.

1355: Ala-ud-Din Hasan Bahman Shah attacked Telangana with a much larger army and conquered some forts, which involved Bhuvanagiri. Vinayaka Deva, the son of Kaapaya was sent to free the fort of Bhuvanagiri and Kaulas form the Muslims. He was being helped by Bukka Raya, the king of Vijayanagar. However, eventually he was killed in a disastrous manner. 

1356 : Mohammed Shah had attacked Telangana again and captured Warangal and Golconda. 

March 23, 1363: Kaapaya was compelled to offer the precious turquoise throne of warangal, along with a generous amount of tribute to Mohammed Shah.

1364: Warangal was ceded by the Musunuri Kapaya Naidu to the Bahmani Sultanate as part of a treaty in 1364.

1368 : Recherla Nayakas Anavotha nayaka, son of Singama nayaka along with his brother Mada nayaka, fought several battles with the Kondaveeti Reddy rulers and Vijayanagara rulers. He also killed the Musunuri ruler Kapaya nayaka in 1368. He conquered the Warangal, Panagallu and Bhuvanagiri forts and took the title of “Tribhuvana Rayarao’.

http://www.indianetzone.com/68/musunuri_nayaks.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musunuri_Nayak

https://medium.com/@Satya_Sastry/musunuri-nayaks-history-ea0a34c035f4

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Khammam History

The present name of Khammam is derived its name after a local hill, which was called as 'Stambhadri'. The town was called with different names starting with Stambhadri, Kambhadri, Kambham mettu, Khammam mettu and then finally as Khammam.

700 BC - 300 BC : Assaka/Asmaka/Ashmaka (The 16 Mahajanapadas)


300 BC - 185 BC : Mauryan Empire


230 BC – 220 AD : Satavahanas ( Were vassals of Mauryan Empire)​

220 AD - 250 AD : Ikshvakas of Vijayapuri

Nelakondapally : Excavation on the mound called Bairagi- gadda and exposed four irregular brick-walls plastered with lime. The digging yielded three copper coins issued by Vishnukundin kings and lead coins bearing elephant symbols which may be ascribed to Ikshvaku period. Nine mutilated sculptures recovered earlier from the site by the villagers, were shifted to State Museum at Vijayawada.

250 AD - 500 AD : Vakataka Dynasty

500 AD - 543 AD : Vishnukundins

Nelakondapally : Excavation on the mound called Bairagi- gadda and exposed four irregular brick-walls plastered with lime. The digging yielded three copper coins issued by Vishnukundin kings

543 AD - 753 AD : Badami Chalukyas

750 AD to 1323 AD : Kakatiyas ruled as vassals to Rashrakuta Dynasty from 753 AD - 982 AD and Western Chalukyas (Kalyani Chalukyas) from 982 AD to 1158 with Kakatipura, Anumakonda (Hanumkonda), Orugallu (Warangal) as there capitals.
Polavasa chiefs were based immediately north of the Kakatiya territories. They ruled over most of Karimnagar district and the northern part of Warangal district from their capital at Polavasa, which is the modern-day Polas in Jagtial taluk. 

1116 AD - 1158 AD : Prolla II Brother of Durgaraja. Son of Beta II
4th March, A.D.1120 : Materu, Khammamet (Khammam) District.
The Telugu inscription is on a stone in front of the Gopalaswamy temple and records the gift of lands for offerings etc., to the temples of Mahadeva, Vinayaka and Kesavadeva, consecrated by Mahasamanta Vemabola Boddama-Mallenayaka, the servant (bantu) of Mahamandalesvara Kakatiya Prolaraja on Vaddvaru su 3, of Chaitra in the year Sarvari,corresponding to the Saka year 1042= Thursday 4 March A.D. 1120.

1310 : Malik Kafur general of Delhi Sultanate Alauddin Khilji defeated Prataprudra II and was forced to pay annual tribute to Delhi. It was probably at this time that the Koh-i-Noor diamond passed from Kakatiya ownership to that of Alauddin, along with 20,000 horses and 100 elephants1323 : Ulug Khan son of Ghiyasuddin Toughly captured Warangal from Parataparudra II.

1323 AD - 1336 AD : Tughlaq DynastyMusunuri Nayakas : In 1336 Kapaya Nayaka took control of Warangal from Malik Maqbul


1325 AD – 1350 AD : Musunuri NayaksThe fall of Kakatiya kingdom and its annexation to the Tughlak empire made the Hindu feudatories to unite themselves to liberate the Telugu country from alien rulers. A movement was started at Rekapalli on the bank of the Godavari under the leadership of Musunuri Prolaya Nayaka and his cousin Kapaya Nayaka and succeeded in driving away the Muslims from the Telugu country in A.D.1328. Kapaya Nayaka became the ruler in A.D.1333, after the demise of Prolaya Nayaka, and Warangal was once again the capital of the Telugu Country. 1350 : Bahman Shah led his first campaign against Warangal and forced its ruler Kapaya Nayaka to cede to him the fortress.

1350 AD – 1518 AD : Bahmani Sultanate
1463 : Sultan Mohammad Shah Bahmani dispatched Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk to the Telangana region to quell disturbances. Sultan Quli quelled the disturbance and was rewarded as the administrator of the region.
1512 : He defeated Shitab Khan to capture Khammam fort.
1518 : Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk declared Independence

1503 AD - 1512 AD: Sitapati Raju (known as Shitab Khan) ruled from Rachakonda(Nalgonda), Warangal and Khammam forts.

1509 AD - 1529 AD : Vijayanagara Empire (Tuluva dynasty) - Krishna Deva Raya Rule
4th May, A.D. 1516  : Nelakondapalli, Khammamet taluk
The following inscription is on three sides of a pillar now planted in the compound of the local library at Nelakondapalli. It is in Telugu prose and records the grant of land to some shrines in Kondapalli, on the orders of Kondamarusayya, who ruled in this region as governor in the reign of Krsna-deva-raya of Vijayanagara.

The actual reconquest by the Gajapati king is proved by the fact that this region was in his Kingdom at the time of Krsna-deva-raya's invasion. Nalagonda (modern Nalgonda), Khammamet. and Khandikonda (Mabbababad  district), are referred to among others, important places in the Gajapati kingdom which Krsna-deva-raya captured.

1518 AD – 1687 AD : Qutbshahis / Golconda Sultanate


After krishnadevaraya this area came under the rule of golconda qutubshahis.abdul hasan tanisha was the last ruler whose employee was kancharla gopanna whose name was known as bhadrachala ramadas.Ministers akkana,madanna were from warangal.1636 : Shah Jahan forced the Qutb Shahis to recognize Mughal suzerainty, which lasted until 1687 when the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb conquered the Golcondan sultanate.

1687 AD - 1724 AD : Mughal Empire 

Dacha Nayaka
Jallepalle, Khammam District. 
 This inscription is on the rocky outcrop by the side of the tank. Refers to the rule of Dachayamnayani over Andhradesa including Jallipalli. Also mention the name Pratigamda Bayaravumda. In characters of the 15th-16th century A.D.

This inscription is on a rock by the side of the tank on the hill. Refers to the prosperous reign of Pratigandabhairava Dachanayaka, who is stated to be ruling over the Andhradesa from Jallipalli.

1713 AD : Mir Qamaruddin Siddiqi was appointed governor by the Mughals.
1724 AD : Mir Qamaruddin Siddiqi was granted the control of Hyderabad by the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah after defeating the rival from Maratha Empire.

1724 AD - 1948 AD : Asaf Jahis
1798 : Hyderabad became the first Indian royal state to accede to British protection under the policy of Subsidiary Alliance instituted by Arthur Wellesley.
1946 - 1951 : Telangana Rebellion
Aug 15, 1947 : Indian Independence from British. Osman Ali Khan ASAF Jahi VII chose to remain independent.
Sep 17, 1948 : Operation Polo, was a military operation ordered by then Indian Home Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel on Sep 13 1948 in which the Indian Armed Forces invaded the State of Hyderabad and overthrew its Nizam on Sep 17 1948, integrating Hyderabad in to India.


Sep 17, 1948 - Oct 31, 1956 : Hyderabad State, India.

Sep 17 1948 - Dec 31 1949 : Major General J. N. Chaudhuri who led Operation Polo stayed on as Military Governor.
26 January 1950 - 31 October 1956 : Last Nizam, Osman Ali Khan ASAF Jahi VII as Rajpramukh. Rajpramukh was an administrative title in India which existed from India's independence in 1947 until 1956. Rajpramukhs were the appointed governors of certain of India's provinces and states.
26 Jan, 1950 - 6 March, 1952 : M. K. Vellodi was Chief Minister of the state appointed by Government of India.
6 March, 1952 - 31 October 1956 : In the 1952 Legislative Assembly election, Dr. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected Chief minister of Hyderabad State.


1953 : Khammam City, which was the seat of Taluk Administration, was part of the larger Warangal District, until 1 October 1953. Five taluks of the Warangal district viz., Khammam, Madhira, Yellandu, Burgampadu and Paloncha (now Kothagudem) were carved out and a new district Khammam with Khammam as District Headquarters.


1 November, 1956 - 1 June, 2014 : Andhra Pradesh State, India Andhra State and Telangana region of Hyderabad State were merged to form Andhra Pradesh State, India.


1959 : Bhadrachalam Revenue Division consisting Bhadrachalam and Nuguru Venkatapuram Taluks of East Godawari district, which were on the other side of the river Godavari were merged into Khammam on grounds of geographical contiguity and administrative viability.


2 June, 2014 : Telangana, India.

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